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What is emotional processing?
Emotional processing & psychological therapy
 Measuring emotional processing
Emotional processing & psychological disorder
Emotional processing & panic attacks
Emotional processing & physical health
Emotional processing & gender
Emotional processing & forgiveness
Tears – nature’s emotional processing?
Emotional processing & older people
Scientific conundrums

 

What is emotional processing?

Definitions
Possible mechanisms
Emotional processing model
Perspectives from philosophy
General references on ‘What is emotional processing?

 

Definitions

Rachman, S. (1980). Emotional processing, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 51-60.

Rachman, S. (2001).  Emotional processing, with special reference to post-traumatic stress disorder. International Review of Psychiatry, 13, 164-171.

 

Possible mechanisms

Brewin, C.R., Dalgleish T. & Joseph S (1996)  A dual representation theory of post traumatic stress disorder.  Psychological Review 103 670-686

Brewin, C.R. & Holmes E.A. (2003)  Psychological theories of post traumatic stress disorder.  Clinical Psychology Review 23, 339-376

Bucci, W. (1997) Symptoms and symbols: A multiple code theory of somatization.  Psychoanalytic Inquiry 17, (2), 151-172

Epstein, S. (1994)  Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious.  American Psychologist 49, (8), 709-724

Foa, E.B. & Kozak, M.J. (1986)  Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.  Pschological Bulletin 99, (1), 20-35

Gidron, Y., Duncan, E., Lazar A., Biderman A., Tandeter H., Shvartzman P. (2002)  Effects of guided written disclosure of stressful experiences on clinic visits and symptoms in frequent clinic attenders.  Family Practice 19, (2), 161-165

Greenberg, L.S. & Safran J.D. (1987) Emotion in Psychotherapy, London: The Guildford Press

Horowitz, M.J. (1979) Psychological response to serious life events in V. Hamilton & D.M. Warberton (Eds) Human stress and cognition.  New York: Wiley

Horowitz, M.J. (1986) Stress response syndrome (2nd ed) Northvale, NJ

Horowitz, M.J., Markman H.C., Stinson C.H., Fridhandler B. & Ghannam J.H. (1990) A classification theory of defences in J.L. Singer (Ed) Repression and dissociation: implications for personality theory, Psychopathology & Health, Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Lang, P.J. (1977) Imagery in therapy.  An information processing analysis of fear.  Behaviour Therapy, 8, 862-886

Lang, P.J. (1979) An bio-informational theory of emotional imagery.  Psychophysiology

Lang, P.J. (1985) The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: fear and anxiety.  In A.H. Tuma & J. Maser (Eds) Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp 131-170) Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum

LeDoux, J.E. (1993) Emotional memory system in the brain.  Behavioural Brain Research, 58, 69-79

LeDoux, J. (1998) The emotional brain.  New York, Touchstone

Leventhal, H. (1979) A perceptual motor processing model of emotion.  In P. Pliner, K. Blanenstein & I.M. Spiegel (Eds) Perception of emotion in self and others, Vol 5, New York, Plenum Press

Samoilov, A. & Goldfried, M.R. (2000).  Role of emotion in cognitive-behaviour therapy.  Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice, 7 (4), 373-383

Teasdale, J.D. (1999) Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse of depression.  Behaviour Research & Therapy, 37, S37-S77

Emotional processing model

Baker, R. (2001) An emotional processing model for counselling and psychotherapy: a way forward?  Counselling in Practice 7(1), 8-11

Baker, R., Thomas, S., Thomas, P., Holloway, J., Horne, S. & Lothian, S. (2002) Development of a new emotional processing scale for use in physical and psychological health.  July 2003, 12th Conference of the International Society for Research on Emotions, Cuenca, Spain

Baker, R., Thomas, S., Thomas, P., Holloway, J., Horne, S. & Lothian, S. (2002) Development of a new emotional processing scale for use in physical and psychological health. September 2003, 3rd International Conference on the (Non) Expression of Emotions in Health & Disease, Tilburg University, Netherlands

Baker R., Thomas S., Thomas P., Owens M., (2007) Development of an Emotional Processing Scale.  Psychomatic Research 62:/67-178

Baker R, Thomas s, Thomas P, Gower P, Santonastaso M, Whittlesea A (2010) The emotional processing: scale refinement and abridgement (EPS-25).  Psychosomatic Research, 68,83-88

Holloway J., Owens M., Baker R. (2002, updated 2003, 2004)  Information Booklet: Emotional Processing Research.  Unpublished document, Dorset Research & Development Support Unit, Poole Hospital, Dorset

 

Perspectives from philosophy

Aristotle on the art of poetry (1920)  Translated by Ingram Bywater, Oxford: Clarendon

Brener, C. (1957) the nature and development of the concept of repression on Frued’s writings.  Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 12, 19-46

Descartes, R. (1901) Meditations on First Philosophy.  Translated by John Veitch.  The Classical Library ‘www.classicallibrary.org’.
Retrieved 20.08.03

Freud, S. (1915). Repression. Collected Papers IV. Zeitshrift, Vol III.

Freud, S. (1984) Functional somatic symptoms and hypochondriasis: a survey of controlled studies.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1021-1028

Heidegger, M. (1927) Being and time.  J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, trans. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1962

Hume, D. (1739) A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects.  3 volumes; volumes 1 and 2, London, John Noon, 1739; volume 3, London, Thomas Longman, 1740

Laing, R.D. (1959) The Divided Self.  London: Tavistock

Nietzsche, F. (1889) Thus Spake Zarathustra.  London: Unwin

Politics by Aristotle.  Translated by Benjamin Jowett.  Constitution Society ‘www.constitution.org’.  Retrieved 20.08.03

Priest, S. (Ed) (2000) Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings.  London: Routledge

The Republic by Plato.  Translated by Benjamin Jowett.  The Internet Classics Archive ‘http://.classics.mit.edu’.  Retrieved 20.08.03

 

General references on what is emotional processing?

Aldwin, C.M., Levenson, M.R., Spiro III, A., Bosse, R. (1989).  Does Emotionality Predict Stress? Findings from the Normative Aging Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(4): 618-624.

Allender, J. and Kaszniak, A.W. (1989).  Processing of Emotional Cues in Patients with Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type.  International Journal of Neuroscience, 46: 147-155.

Anderson, A.K., Phelps, E.A (2000).  Expression without recognition.  Contributions of the human amygdala to emotional communication.  Psychological Science, 11(2): 106-111.

Barrett, L.F. et al. (2001). Knowing what you’re feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion. 25(6), 713-724.

Berridge, K.C. & Winkielman, P. (2003). What is an unconscious emotion? (the case for unconscious “liking”). Cognition and emotion. 17(2), 181-211.

Bonanno, G.A., & Field, N.P.  (2001). Examining the delayed grief hypothesis across 5 years of bereavement.  American Behavioral Scientist, 44(5), 798-816.

Bucci, W. (1982). The vocalisation of painful affect. Journal of communication disorders. 15, 415-440.

Bucci, W. (1998). Transformation of Meanings in the Analytic Discourse: A Strategy for Research. Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis. 6(2), 233-60.

Carver, C.S.(1989). Assessing Coping Strategies: Theoretically Based Approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.56 (2), 267-283.

Dawkins, K. and Furnham, A. (1989).  The colour naming of emotional words.  British Journal of Psychology, 80, 383-389.

Dodd, M. and Bucci, W. (1987). The relationship of cognition and affect in the orientation process. Cognition. 27, 37-71.

Dolan, R.J. (2002). Emotion, Cognition, and Behaviour. Science’s Compass. Vol 298, 1191-1193.

Epstein, S. (1973). The Self-Concept Revisited: Or a Theory of a Theory. American Psychologist. May 1973. 404-416

Epstein, S. (1994).  Integration of the Cognitive and Psychodynamic Unconscious.  American Psychologist, 49 (8), 709-724.

Epstein, S., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., and Heier, H. (1996).  Individual Differences in Intuitive-Experiential and Analytical-Rational Thinking Styles.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2): 390-405.

Flett, G.L., Blankstein, K.R., Bator, C. and Pliner, P. (1989).  Affect Intensity and Self-Control of Emotional Behaviour, 10(1): 1-5.

Foa, E.B., & Kozak, M.J. (1986).  Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information.  Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35.

Frijda, N.H. (1988) The laws of emotion.  American Psychologist 43, 349-358

Gable,S.L. et al. (2000). Behavioural Activation and Inhibition in Everyday Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 78, 1135-1149.

Gross, J.J. & Levenson, R.W. (1997). Hiding Feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of abnormal psychology. 106(1), 95-103.

Heller, W. et al (1997) Neuropsychological correlates of arousal in self-reported emotion.  Cognition and Emotion 11(4), 383-402

Horowitz, M.J. (1993). Topics and Signs: Defensive Control of Emotional Expression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 61(3), 421-430.

Izard et al (2001).  Emotion knowledge as a predictor of social behaviour and academic competence in children at risk.  Psychological Science, 12, 18-23.

Leventhal, H. (1982) The integration of emotion and cognition: a view from the perceptual-motor theory of emotion.  In M.S. Clarke & S.T. Fiske (Eds) Affect and cognition, Hillsdale, NJ, Eribaum

Leventhal, H. (1984) A perceptual motor theory of emotion.  In L. Berkowitz (Ed) Advances in experimental social sychology, Vol 17, New York, Academic Press

Lynch, T.R. et al. (2001). A mediational model relating affect intensity, emotion inhibition, and psychological distress. Behaviour therapy. 32(3), 519-536.

Mayer, J.D., & Geher, G. (1996).  Emotional intelligence and the identification of emotion.  Intelligence, 22, 89-113.

Mayne, T.J. & Bonanno G.A. (2001) Emotions: current issues and future directions.  The Guildford Press, London

Nelson, L.D., and Cicchetti, D.V. (1995).  Assessment of Emotional Functioning in Brain-Impaired Individuals.  Psychological Assessment, 7(3): 404-413.

Pally, R. (1998).  Emotional processing: The mind-body connection.  International Journal of PsychoAnalysis, 79(2): 349-362.

Pennebaker, J.W., Mayne, T.J & Francis, M.E. (1997).  Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 864-871.

Rachman, S. (1980).  Emotional Processing.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 51-60

Rachman, S. (2001). Emotional processing, with special reference to post-traumatic stress disorder. International Review of Psychiatry. 13, 164-171

Reddy, W.M. (2001) The navigation of feeling.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Russell, B. (1991) History of Western Philosophy.  London: Routledge

Roberts, W.L. (1999).  The socialization of emotional expression: Relations with prosocial behaviour and competence in five samples.  Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 31(2): 72-85.

Russell, J.A. (2003) Core affect and the physiological construction of emotion.  Psychological Review 110(1), 145-172

Scherer, R.R. (1993) Neuroscience projections to current debates in emotion psychology.  Cognition and emotion 7(1), 1-41

Soloman, R.C. (1993) The Philosophy of Emotions.  In Handbook of Emotions.  Edited by Michael Lewis and Jeannette M. Haviland.  P3-15, New York: The Guildford Press

Sorabji, R. (2000) Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation.  Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Swinkels, A., & Giuliano, T.A. (1995).  The Measurement and Conceptualization of Mood Awareness: Monitoring and Labeling One’s Mood States.  Personality & Social Psychology, 21(9), 934-949.

Teasdale, J.D. (1999).  Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the  prevention of relapse in depression.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37 (Suppl 1): S53-S77.

Perspectives from philosophy

Aristotle on the art of poetry (1920)  Translated by Ingram Bywater, Oxford: Clarendon

Brener, C. (1957) the nature and development of the concept of repression on Frued’s writings.  Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 12, 19-46

Descartes, R. (1901) Meditations on First Philosophy.  Translated by John Veitch.  The Classical Library ‘www.classicallibrary.org’.
Retrieved 20.08.03

Freud, S. (1915). Repression. Collected Papers IV. Zeitshrift, Vol III.

Freud, S. (1984) Functional somatic symptoms and hypochondriasis: a survey of controlled studies.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1021-1028

Heidegger, M. (1927) Being and time.  J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, trans. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1962

Hume, D. (1739) A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects.  3 volumes; volumes 1 and 2, London, John Noon, 1739; volume 3, London, Thomas Longman, 1740

Laing, R.D. (1959) The Divided Self.  London: Tavistock

Nietzsche, F. (1889) Thus Spake Zarathustra.  London: Unwin

Politics by Aristotle.  Translated by Benjamin Jowett.  Constitution Society ‘www.constitution.org’.  Retrieved 20.08.03

Priest, S. (Ed) (2000) Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings.  London: Routledge

The Republic by Plato.  Translated by Benjamin Jowett.  The Internet Classics Archive ‘http://.classics.mit.edu’.  Retrieved 20.08.03

 

General references on what is emotional processing?

Aldwin, C.M., Levenson, M.R., Spiro III, A., Bosse, R. (1989).  Does Emotionality Predict Stress? Findings from the Normative Aging Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(4): 618-624.

Allender, J. and Kaszniak, A.W. (1989).  Processing of Emotional Cues in Patients with Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type.  International Journal of Neuroscience, 46: 147-155.

Anderson, A.K., Phelps, E.A (2000).  Expression without recognition.  Contributions of the human amygdala to emotional communication.  Psychological Science, 11(2): 106-111.

Barrett, L.F. et al. (2001). Knowing what you’re feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion. 25(6), 713-724.

Berridge, K.C. & Winkielman, P. (2003). What is an unconscious emotion? (the case for unconscious “liking”). Cognition and emotion. 17(2), 181-211.

Bonanno, G.A., & Field, N.P.  (2001). Examining the delayed grief hypothesis across 5 years of bereavement.  American Behavioral Scientist, 44(5), 798-816.

Bucci, W. (1982). The vocalisation of painful affect. Journal of communication disorders. 15, 415-440.

Bucci, W. (1998). Transformation of Meanings in the Analytic Discourse: A Strategy for Research. Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis. 6(2), 233-60.

Carver, C.S.(1989). Assessing Coping Strategies: Theoretically Based Approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.56 (2), 267-283.

Dawkins, K. and Furnham, A. (1989).  The colour naming of emotional words.  British Journal of Psychology, 80, 383-389.

Dodd, M. and Bucci, W. (1987). The relationship of cognition and affect in the orientation process. Cognition. 27, 37-71.

Dolan, R.J. (2002). Emotion, Cognition, and Behaviour. Science’s Compass. Vol 298, 1191-1193.

Epstein, S. (1973). The Self-Concept Revisited: Or a Theory of a Theory. American Psychologist. May 1973. 404-416

Epstein, S. (1994).  Integration of the Cognitive and Psychodynamic Unconscious.  American Psychologist, 49 (8), 709-724.

Epstein, S., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., and Heier, H. (1996).  Individual Differences in Intuitive-Experiential and Analytical-Rational Thinking Styles.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2): 390-405.

Flett, G.L., Blankstein, K.R., Bator, C. and Pliner, P. (1989).  Affect Intensity and Self-Control of Emotional Behaviour, 10(1): 1-5.

Foa, E.B., & Kozak, M.J. (1986).  Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information.  Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35.

Frijda, N.H. (1988) The laws of emotion.  American Psychologist 43, 349-358

Gable,S.L. et al. (2000). Behavioural Activation and Inhibition in Everyday Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 78, 1135-1149.

Gross, J.J. & Levenson, R.W. (1997). Hiding Feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of abnormal psychology. 106(1), 95-103.

Heller, W. et al (1997) Neuropsychological correlates of arousal in self-reported emotion.  Cognition and Emotion 11(4), 383-402

Horowitz, M.J. (1993). Topics and Signs: Defensive Control of Emotional Expression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 61(3), 421-430.

Izard et al (2001).  Emotion knowledge as a predictor of social behaviour and academic competence in children at risk.  Psychological Science, 12, 18-23.

Leventhal, H. (1982) The integration of emotion and cognition: a view from the perceptual-motor theory of emotion.  In M.S. Clarke & S.T. Fiske (Eds) Affect and cognition, Hillsdale, NJ, Eribaum

Leventhal, H. (1984) A perceptual motor theory of emotion.  In L. Berkowitz (Ed) Advances in experimental social sychology, Vol 17, New York, Academic Press

Lynch, T.R. et al. (2001). A mediational model relating affect intensity, emotion inhibition, and psychological distress. Behaviour therapy. 32(3), 519-536.

Mayer, J.D., & Geher, G. (1996).  Emotional intelligence and the identification of emotion.  Intelligence, 22, 89-113.

Mayne, T.J. & Bonanno G.A. (2001) Emotions: current issues and future directions.  The Guildford Press, London

Nelson, L.D., and Cicchetti, D.V. (1995).  Assessment of Emotional Functioning in Brain-Impaired Individuals.  Psychological Assessment, 7(3): 404-413.

Pally, R. (1998).  Emotional processing: The mind-body connection.  International Journal of PsychoAnalysis, 79(2): 349-362.

Pennebaker, J.W., Mayne, T.J & Francis, M.E. (1997).  Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 864-871.

Rachman, S. (1980).  Emotional Processing.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 51-60

Rachman, S. (2001). Emotional processing, with special reference to post-traumatic stress disorder. International Review of Psychiatry. 13, 164-171

Reddy, W.M. (2001) The navigation of feeling.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Russell, B. (1991) History of Western Philosophy.  London: Routledge

Roberts, W.L. (1999).  The socialization of emotional expression: Relations with prosocial behaviour and competence in five samples.  Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 31(2): 72-85.

Russell, J.A. (2003) Core affect and the physiological construction of emotion.  Psychological Review 110(1), 145-172

Scherer, R.R. (1993) Neuroscience projections to current debates in emotion psychology.  Cognition and emotion 7(1), 1-41

Soloman, R.C. (1993) The Philosophy of Emotions.  In Handbook of Emotions.  Edited by Michael Lewis and Jeannette M. Haviland.  P3-15, New York: The Guildford Press

Sorabji, R. (2000) Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation.  Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Swinkels, A., & Giuliano, T.A. (1995).  The Measurement and Conceptualization of Mood Awareness: Monitoring and Labeling One’s Mood States.  Personality & Social Psychology, 21(9), 934-949.

Teasdale, J.D. (1999).  Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the  prevention of relapse in depression.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37 (Suppl 1): S53-S77.

General references on what is emotional processing?

Aldwin, C.M., Levenson, M.R., Spiro III, A., Bosse, R. (1989). Does Emotionality Predict Stress? Findings from the Normative Aging Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(4): 618-624.

Allender, J. and Kaszniak, A.W. (1989). Processing of Emotional Cues in Patients with Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type. International Journal of Neuroscience, 46: 147-155.

Anderson, A.K., Phelps, E.A (2000). Expression without recognition. Contributions of the human amygdala to emotional communication. Psychological Science, 11(2): 106-111.

Barrett, L.F. et al. (2001). Knowing what you’re feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion. 25(6), 713-724.

Berridge, K.C. & Winkielman, P. (2003). What is an unconscious emotion? (the case for unconscious “liking”). Cognition and emotion. 17(2), 181-211.

Bonanno, G.A., & Field, N.P. (2001). Examining the delayed grief hypothesis across 5 years of bereavement. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(5), 798-816.

Bucci, W. (1982). The vocalisation of painful affect. Journal of communication disorders. 15, 415-440.

Bucci, W. (1998). Transformation of Meanings in the Analytic Discourse: A Strategy for Research. Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis. 6(2), 233-60.

Carver, C.S.(1989). Assessing Coping Strategies: Theoretically Based Approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.56 (2), 267-283.

Dawkins, K. and Furnham, A. (1989). The colour naming of emotional words. British Journal of Psychology, 80, 383-389.

Dodd, M. and Bucci, W. (1987). The relationship of cognition and affect in the orientation process. Cognition. 27, 37-71.

Dolan, R.J. (2002). Emotion, Cognition, and Behaviour. Science’s Compass. Vol 298, 1191-1193.

Epstein, S. (1973). The Self-Concept Revisited: Or a Theory of a Theory. American Psychologist. May 1973. 404-416

Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the Cognitive and Psychodynamic Unconscious. American Psychologist, 49 (8), 709-724.

Epstein, S., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., and Heier, H. (1996). Individual Differences in Intuitive-Experiential and Analytical-Rational Thinking Styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2): 390-405.

Flett, G.L., Blankstein, K.R., Bator, C. and Pliner, P. (1989). Affect Intensity and Self-Control of Emotional Behaviour, 10(1): 1-5.

Foa, E.B., & Kozak, M.J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35.

Frijda, N.H. (1988) The laws of emotion. American Psychologist 43, 349-358

Gable,S.L. et al. (2000). Behavioural Activation and Inhibition in Everyday Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 78, 1135-1149.

Gross, J.J. & Levenson, R.W. (1997). Hiding Feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of abnormal psychology. 106(1), 95-103.

Heller, W. et al (1997) Neuropsychological correlates of arousal in self-reported emotion. Cognition and Emotion 11(4), 383-402

Horowitz, M.J. (1993). Topics and Signs: Defensive Control of Emotional Expression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 61(3), 421-430.

Izard et al (2001). Emotion knowledge as a predictor of social behaviour and academic competence in children at risk. Psychological Science, 12, 18-23.

Leventhal, H. (1982) The integration of emotion and cognition: a view from the perceptual-motor theory of emotion. In M.S. Clarke & S.T. Fiske (Eds) Affect and cognition, Hillsdale, NJ, Eribaum

Leventhal, H. (1984) A perceptual motor theory of emotion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed) Advances in experimental social sychology, Vol 17, New York, Academic Press

Lynch, T.R. et al. (2001). A mediational model relating affect intensity, emotion inhibition, and psychological distress. Behaviour therapy. 32(3), 519-536.

Mayer, J.D., & Geher, G. (1996). Emotional intelligence and the identification of emotion. Intelligence, 22, 89-113.

Mayne, T.J. & Bonanno G.A. (2001) Emotions: current issues and future directions. The Guildford Press, London

Nelson, L.D., and Cicchetti, D.V. (1995). Assessment of Emotional Functioning in Brain-Impaired Individuals. Psychological Assessment, 7(3): 404-413.

Pally, R. (1998). Emotional processing: The mind-body connection. International Journal of PsychoAnalysis, 79(2): 349-362.

Pennebaker, J.W., Mayne, T.J & Francis, M.E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72: 864-871.

Rachman, S. (1980). Emotional Processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 51-60

Rachman, S. (2001). Emotional processing, with special reference to post-traumatic stress disorder. International Review of Psychiatry. 13, 164-171

Reddy, W.M. (2001) The navigation of feeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Russell, B. (1991) History of Western Philosophy. London: Routledge

Roberts, W.L. (1999). The socialization of emotional expression: Relations with prosocial behaviour and competence in five samples. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 31(2): 72-85.

Russell, J.A. (2003) Core affect and the physiological construction of emotion. Psychological Review 110(1), 145-172

Scherer, R.R. (1993) Neuroscience projections to current debates in emotion psychology. Cognition and emotion 7(1), 1-41

Soloman, R.C. (1993) The Philosophy of Emotions. In Handbook of Emotions. Edited by Michael Lewis and Jeannette M. Haviland. P3-15, New York: The Guildford Press

Sorabji, R. (2000) Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Swinkels, A., & Giuliano, T.A. (1995). The Measurement and Conceptualization of Mood Awareness: Monitoring and Labeling One’s Mood States. Personality & Social Psychology, 21(9), 934-949.

Teasdale, J.D. (1999). Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37 (Suppl 1): S53-S77.

Emotional processing and psychological therapy

Catharsis, venting and the talking cure
Core components for an emotional processing therapy
Is behaviour therapy really emotion therapy in disguise?
Is it possible to bottle up emotions?

General references on emotional processing and psychological therapy

Borod,J.C., Welowitz, J., Alpert, M., Brozgold, A.Z., Bartin, C., Paselow, E. & Dillier, L. (1990). Parameters of emotional processing in neuropsychiatric disorders: Conceptual issues and a battery of tests. Journal of communication disorders, Special Issue: Faces, voices and feelings: Experimental techniques and clinical implications,. 23, 247-271.

Bozarth, J. & Brodley, B. (1991) Actualisation: A functional concept in client-centred therapy.  Handbook of Self-Actualisation, Vol 6(5), 45-60

Cain, D. & Seeman, J. (2001) Handbook of research and practice in humanistic psychotherapies.  Washington DC: APA Publications

Derogatis, L. and Melisaratos, N. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory: an Introductory Report. Psychological Medicine. 13, 595-605.

Elliott, R., Greenberg, L.S. & Lietaer, G. (2003)  Research on experiential therapies.  In M.J. Lambert (Ed) Bergin & Garfield’s Handbook of psychotherapy and behaviour change (5th ed, pp 493-539)

Ellis, J.A. & D’Eon, J. L. (2002). Pain, emotion, and the situational specificity of catastrophising. Cognition and emotion. 16(4), 519-532.

Greenberg, L.S. & Rice, L.N. (1981) the specific effects of a Gestalt intervention.  Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice 18, 31-37

Greenberg, L.S. & Safran, J.D. (1989) Emotion in psychotherapy.  American Psychologist, 44, 19-29

Greenberg, L.D. & Watson, J. (1998) Experiential therapy of depression: Differential effects of client centred relationship conditions and active experiential interventions.  Psychotherapy Research, 8, 210-224

Herpertz, S.C., Sass H. (2000).  Emotional deficiency and psychopathy.  Behavioral Sciences and the Law.  18(5): 567-580.

Jenkins, J. & Oatley, K. (2000). Psychopathology and short term emotion: the balance of affects. Journal of child psychiatry. 41(4), 463-472.

Keltner, D., & Kring, A.M. (1998).  Emotion, social function and psychopathology.  Review of General Psychology, 2, 230-342.

Kring, A.M., Bachorowski, J.A. (1999).  Emotions and psychopathology.  Cognition and Emotion, 13(5): 575-599.

Lambert et al (1999).  Emotions and Psychopathology.  The West Indian Medical Journal, 48(4), 203-7.

Lubin, B., Van Whitlock, R., and Zukerman, M. (1998).  Affect traits in differential diagnosis of anxiety, depressive and schizophrenic disorders using the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List Revised.  Assessment, 5(4): 309-319.

Lundh, L.G. et al. (2001). Cognitive bias, emotion, and somatic complaints in a normal sample. Cognition and emotion. 15(3), 249-277.

Matthews, A. and Macleod, C. (1994). Cognitive Approaches to Emotional Disorders. Annual Review of Psychology. 45, 25-50.

Mearns, D. & Thorne, B. (2000) Person-centred therapy today: new frontiers in theory and practice.  London: Sage

Ochsner, K.N. et al. (2002). Rethinking Feelings: An fMRI Study of the Cognitive Regulation of Emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 14(8), 1215-1229.

Offer, R., Laive, R., Gothelf, D. &  Apter, A. (2000).  Defense mechanisms, negative emotions, and psychopathology in adolescent inpatients.  Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41(1): 35-41.

Rogers, C.R. (1951) Client-centred therapy.  Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin

Rogers, C.R. & Dymond R. (1954) Psychotherapy and personality change.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Roseman, I. Et al. (1996). Appraisal Determinants of Emotion: Constructing a More Accurate and Comprehensive Theory. Cognition and Emotion. Vol. 10(3), 241-277.

Scott Brown, L. and Wright, J. (2001). Attachment Theory in Adolescence and its relevance to Developmental Psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 8, 15-32.

Stiles, W.B. & Glick, M.J. (2002) Future directions in research on humanistic psychotherapy.  In D.J. Cain & J. Seeman (Eds), Humanistic psychotherapies:  Handbook of research and practice (pp 605-616) Washington DC: American Psychological Association

Truax, C. & Carkhuff, R. (1967) Toward effective counselling and psychotherapy.  Chicago: Aldine

Watts, F.N. (1992).  Applications of current cognitive theories of the emotions to the conceptualisation of emotion disorders.  British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 153-167.

Whelton, W. (2004) Emotional processes in psychotherapy: evidence across therapeutic modalities.  Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 57-8

Catharsis, venting and the talking cure

Bushman, B.J. (2002) Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame?  Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger and aggressive responding.  Personality & social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 724-731

Freud, S. & Brewer, J. (1893) On the psychical mechanism phenomena: preliminary communication in studies in hysteria, Standard Edition 2,3

Freud, S. & Brewer, J (1895) Studies in hysteria

Freud, S.  Selected papers on hysteria

Kennedy-Moore, E.& Watson, J.C. (1999) Expression emotion.  Guildford Press, New York

Tavris, C. (1984) On the wisdom of counting to ten; personal and social dangers of anger expression.  In P Shaver (Ed) Reviewing personality and social psychology, Vol 5, Beverly Hills, Sage

Tavris, D. (1989) Anger.  The misunderstood emotion.  New York: Simon & Schuster

Core components for an emotional processing therapy

Baker, R., Baker, E., Allen, H., Thomas, P., Newth, J., Hollingbery, T., Gibson, S. & Golden, S. (2002) A naturalistic longitudinal evaluation of counselling in primary care.  Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 15(4), 359-373

Foa, E.B. & Rothbaum, B.O. (1997) Treating the trauma of rape.  New York, Guildford Publications

Gendlin, E.T. (1978) Focusing (original version) Everest House

Gendlin, E.T. (1996) Focusing-orinented psychotherapy: a manual of the experiential method.  New York: Guilford Press.

Gidron, Y., Duncan, E., Lazar, A., Biderman, A., Tandeter, H., Shvartzman, P. (2002)  Effects of guided written disclosure of stressful experiences on clinic visits and symptoms in frequent clinic attenders.  Family Practice 19, (2), 161-165

Gilsdorf, R. (1998) Gestalt and experiential education, in Itin C. (Ed), Exploring the boundaries of adventure therapy.  Boulder: AEE, 131-143

Greenberg, L. (1994) seminar on emotion in psychotherapy, Leuven, May 2nd

Greenberg, L., Paivio, S. (1997)  working with emotions in psychotherapy.  New York: The Guilford Press

Greenberg, L., Rice L. & Elliot, R. (1993) Facilitating emotional change: the moment-by-moment process.  New York: The Guilford Press

Greenberg, L.S. & Safran, J.D. (1987) Emotion in Psychotherapy, London: The Guildford Press

Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K.D. Wilson, K.G. (1999)  Acceptance and commitment therapy; an experiential approach to behaviour change.  Guilford Press, New York

Homas-Webb, L., Stiles, W.B., Greenberg, L., Goldman, R. (1998)  Assimilation analysis of process- experiential psychotherapy: a comparison of two cases.  Psychotherapy Research, 8, 264-286

Marks, I. (1987) Fears, phobias and rituals.  Oxford University Press, New York

Pennebaker, J.W. (1997) Opening up; the healing power of expressing emotions.  Guilford Press, New York

Perls, F.S., Hefferline, R., Goodman, P., (1951)  Gestalt Therapy:  Excitement and growth in the human personality.  New York.  The Julian Press

Rogers, C.R. (1961) ‘To be that self which one truly is’; a therapist’s view of personal goals.  Chapter 8 in C.R. Rogers’ ‘A therapist’s view of psychotherapy: on becoming a person’.  Constable, London

Weekes, C. (1989) ‘The key to resisting relapse in panic’ Chapter 15 in R. Baker (Ed) Panic Disorder: Theory research & therapy.  John Wiley, Chichester

 

Is behaviour therapy really emotion therapy in disguise?

Blakey, R. & Baker, R. (1980) an exposure approach to alcohol abuse.  Behaviour Research & Therapy 18, 319-325

Childress, A.R., McLellan, A.T. & O’Brien, C.P. (1986) Abstinent opiate abusers exhibit conditioned craving, conditioned withdrawal and reductions both through extinction.  British Journal of Addication, 81, 655-660

Emmelkamp, P.M.G. & Wessels, H. (1975) Flooding in imagination vs flooding in vivo: a comparison with agoraphobics.  Behaviour Research & Therapy, 13, 7

Eysenck, H.J. (1979) The conditioning model of neurosis. 

Foa, E.B., Molnar, C. & Cashman, L. (1995) Change in rape narratives during exposure therapy for PTSD.  Journal of Traumatic Stess, 8, 675-690

Foa, E.B., Kozak, M.M., Steketee, G. & McCarthy, P.R. (1992) Treatment of depression and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in OCD by imipramine and behavioural therapy.  British Journal of clinical Psychology, 31, 279-292

Gillan, P. &  Rachman, S. (1974) An experimental investigation of behaviour therapy in phobic patients.  British Journal of Psychiatry, 124:392

Krapfl, J.E. & Nawas, M. (1970) Differential orders of stimulus presentation in systematic desensitization.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 75, 333

Marks, I.M. (1973) Reduction of fear: towards a unifying theory.  Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 18:9

Marks, I.M. (1978a) Exposure treatments: conceptual issues in Behaviour Modification: Principles and Clinical Applications, W.S. Agras, Ed, Little, Brown & Co., Boston (second edition)

Marks, I.M. (1978b) Exposure treatments: clinical applications in Behaviour Modification: Principles and Clinical Applications, W.S. Agras, Ed, Little, Brown & Co., Boston (second edition)

Ramsay, R.W.  (1977) Behaviour approaches to bereavement.  Behaviour Research & Therapy 5(2), 131-135

Rapee, R. & Barlow, D. (1989) Psychological treatment of unexpected panic attacks; cognitive/behavioural components in R. Baker’s Panic Disorder – Theory, Research & Therapy.  J. Wiley, Chichester

Stern, R. & Marks, I. (1973) Brief and prolonged flooding: a comparison in agoraphobic patients.  Arch General Psychiatry, 28, 270

Wolpe, J. (1958) Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition.  Standford University Press, Standford, California

Is it possible to bottle up emotions?

Bohart, A.C. (1980) Toward a cognitive theory of catharsis.  Psychotherapy: Theory Research & Practice, Vol 17, 192-201

Evans, D. (2001) Emotion; the science of sentiment.  Oxford University Press, Oxford

Gendlin, E.T. (1976) Focussing-oriented psychotherapy.  Guildford, New York

Guinagh, B. (1987) Catharsis & cognition in psychotherapy.  Springer, New York

Kosmicki, F.X. & Glickhauf-Hughes, C. (1997) Catharsis in Psychotherapy.  Psychotherapy 34, 154-159

Lutz, T. (1999) crying: the natural and cultural history of tears.  Norton, New York

Nichols, M.P. & Efran, J.S. (1985) Catharsis in psychotherapy: a new perspective.  Psychotherapy 22, 46-58

Scheff, T.J. (1979) Catharsis in healing ritual and drama.  Berkeley University & California Press

Shaton, D. (1990) Catharsis reconsidered.  Austrialian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 543-551

Welton, W.J. (2004) Emoti0nal processes in psychotherapy, evidence acress therapeutic modalities.  Clinical Psychiatry & Psychotherapy 11, 58-71

Measuring emotional processing

Baker, R (2000) Emotional processing & panic attacks.  Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society, Winchester.

Baker, R. (2001) An emotional processing model for counselling a psychotherapy: a way forward?  Counselling in Practice 7(1) 8-11

Baker, R., Holloway J., Thomas, P.W., Thomas, S., Owens, S.  (2004) Emotional processing and panic.  Behaviour Research & Therapy, Vol 42, Issue 11, 1271-1287

Baker, R., Thomas, S., Thomas, P.W., Holloway, J., Horne, S., Lothian, S. (2002) Development of a new emotional processing scale for use in physical and psychological health.  July 2002  12th Conference of the International Society for Research on Emotion, Cuenca, Spain

Baker, R., Thomas, S., Thomas, P.W., Holloway, J., Horne, S., Lothian, S. (2002) Development of a new emotional processing scale for use in physical and psychological health.  July 2002  3rd International Conference on The (Non) Expression of Emotions in Health & Disease, Tilburg University, Netherlands

Baker, R., Thomas, S., Thomas, P.W., Owens, M (Submitted) Development and initial validation of an emotional processing scale.

Baker, R., Thomas S., Thomas P.W., Owens, M. (2007)  Development of an emotional processing scale.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research 62, 167-178

 

Emotional processing and psychological disorders

General references
Anorexia

Alloy, L.B., Abramson, L.Y., Whitehouse, W.G., Hogan, M.E., Tashman, N.A., Steinberg, D.L., Rose, D.T., and Donovan, P. (1999).  Depressogenic cognitive styles: predictive validity, information processing and personality characteristics and developmental origins.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 503-531.

Baker. R, Holloway. J, Thomas P. W., Thomas S., Owens., M.  Emotional Processing and Panic.  Behaviour Research & Therapy, Vol 42, 11, 1271-1287

Ballenger, J.C. (1999).  Current Treatments of the Anxiety Disorders in Adults.  Biological Psychiatry, 46: 1579-1594.

Beck, A.T. (1987). Cognitive Models of Depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. Vol. 1(1), 5-37.

Beck, A.T., and Clark, D.A. (1997).  An Information Processing Model of Anxiety: Automatic and Strategic Processes.  Behaviour Research and Therapy 35(1), 49-58.

Braithwaite, V.A. (1987).  The Scale of Emotional Arousability: bridging the gap between the neuroticism construct and its measurement.  Psychological Medicine, 17: 217-225.

Castonguay, L.G. et al. (1996). Predicting the Effect of Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A Study of Unique and Common Factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Vol. 64(3), 497-504.

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Derogatis, L.R. & Melisaratos, N. (1983) The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report, Psychological Medicine, 13(3), 595-605

De Ruiter, C. and Brosschot, J. F. (1994). The emotional Stroop interference effect in anxiety: attentional bias or cognitive avoidance? Behaviour Research and Therapy. Vol. 32(3), 315-319.

Feske & Shear (1999).  Progress in psychosocial assessment and treatment.  Depression – Anxiety, 9(1), 32-43.

Habel, U. et al (2000).  Emotional processing in schizophrenia across cultures: Standardized measures of discrimination and experience.  Schizophrenia Research, 42(1), 57-66.

Habel, U. et al (2002). Emotional Processing in Psychopathic Personality. Aggressive Behaviour. 28, 394-400.

Hooley, J.M. (1999). Expressed Emotion and Clinical Outcome in Borderline Personality Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1557-1562

Joseph, S. et al (1996).  Chronic emotional processing in survivors of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster: the relationship of intrusion and avoidance at 3 years to distress at 5 years.  Behaviour Research and Therapy. 34(4), 357-360.

Kalin, N.H. et al. (1997). Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of emotional processing in normal and depressed patients: effects of venlafaxine. Journal of clinical psychiatry. 58(16), 32-39.

Kaufman, J. and Charney, D. (2000). Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Depression and Anxiety, vol 12 (1), 69-76.

Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M., & Cuthbert, B.N. (1998).  Emotion, Motivation and Anxiety: Brain Mechanisms and Psychophysiology.  Biological Psychiatry, 44, 1248-1263.

Levine, D., Marziali, E., & Hood, J. (1997).  Emotion Processing in Borderline Personality Disorders.  Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 185, 240-246.

Norton, P.J. et al (2000).  Future Directions in Anxiety Disorders: Profiles and Perspectives of Leading Contributors.  Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(1), 69-95.

Mogg, K. and Marden, B. (1990).  Processing of emotional information in anxious subjects.  British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, 227-229.

Stein, F.S. (1996). Affect Instability in Adults With a Borderline Personality Disorder. Archives of Psychiatrc Nursing, vol10 (1).

Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.<. & Parker, J.D.A. (1993) Alexithymia-State and trait (letter to the editor). Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 3, 211-212

Taylor, S. (1995). Anxiety Sensitivity:Theoretical Perspectives and Recent Findings. Behaviour Research and Therapy. vol 33(3), 243-258.

Telch, M.J., Valentiner, D.P., Illai, D., Petruzzi, D., Hehmsoth, M. (2000).  The facilitative effects of heart rate feedback in the emotional processing of claustrophobic fear.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4): 373-387.

Wagner, A.W., Linehan, M.M. (1999).  Facial expression recognition ability among women with borderline personality disorder: Implications for emotion regulation.  Journal of Personality Disorders, 13(4): 329-344.

Wells, A., and Carter, K. (1999).  Preliminary tests of a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37: 585-594.

Wells, A., and Papageorgiou, C. (2001).  Social phobic interception: effects of bodily information of anxiety, beliefs and self processing.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1-11

Williams, K., Chambless,D. and Ahrens, A. (1997). Are Emotions Frightening? An Extension of the Fear of Fear Construct. Behaviour Research and Therapy. Vol. 35(3), 239-248.

Zoellner, L.A., Echiverri, A., & Craske, M.G. (2000).  Processing of phobic stimuli and its relationship to outcome.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 921-931.

Anorexia

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition). Washington DC: Author.

Bruch, H. (1978). The Golden Cage. The Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa, 6, 91-133.

Eating Disorders. (1997): The Harvard Mental Health Letter.  Website: ‘http://www.familytherapy.org.uk/writing/Anorexia.htm’  date accessed: 11 August 2004

Eating Disorders. (2001): Opposing Viewpoints, 4, 118 – 145

Fabian, L. J. & Thompson, J. K. (1989). Body image and eating disturbance in young females. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8(1), 63-74.

Graber, J. A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2001). Co-Occurring Eating and Depressive Problems: An 8-year Study of Adolescent Girls. International Journal of eating Disorders, 30, 37-47.

Karwautz, A., Nobis, G., Haidvogl, M., Wagner G, Hafferl, G. A., Wöber, B. C. & Friedrich, M. H. (2003). Perceptions of family relationships in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their
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Levenkron, S. (2001). Anatomy of Anorexia. Norton: New York.

Miller, M. C. (2003). Questions & Answers. The physical, emotional, and family problems of people with anorexia nervosa are pretty well-known. Do people with this disorder have problems with their intellectual functioning? The Harvard Mental Health Letter, 20(4), 8.

National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA). 2002. Anorexia Nervosa. Website: ‘http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp?WebPage_ID=286&Profile_41142ID’ date accessed: 12th September 2004.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Abnormal Psychology. (Second Edition), 487-520.

Normandi, & Roark. (1998). It’s Not About Food. Penguin: New York.

Oltmanns, T. F., & Emery, R. E. (2001). Abnormal Psychology. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 146-359.

Polivy, J. & Herman, C. P. (2002). Causes of Eating Disorders. Annual Reviews Psychology, 53, 187-213.

Student Social Support. (2001). Eating Disorders. Website:

‘http://www.familyelearning.org/web/Social%20Support/eating disorder/diagnosing disorder.htm’ date accessed: 4. August 2004.

Emotional processing and panic attacks

Baker, R. (Editor) (1989) Panic Disorder: Theory Research and Therapy, John Wiley, Chichester

Baker, R. (1989) Personal accounts of panic.  Chapter 5 in R. Baker (Editor) Panic Disorder: Theory Research & Therapy, John Wiley, Chichester

Baker, R. (2011) Understanding panic attacks and overcoming fear.  Oxford: Lion Publishing

Baker, R. (2000) Emotional processing and panic attacks.  Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society, Winchester

Baker, R. (2003) Understanding panic attacks and overcoming fear (updated edition) Oxford: Lion Publishing

Baker, R., Holloway, J., Thomas, P.W., Thomas, S. and Owens, M. (2004) Emotional processing and panic.  Behaviour Research & Therapy, Vol 42, 11, 1271-1287

Baker, R. & McFadyen, M. (1985) Cognitive invalidation and the enigma of exposure.  In E. Karas (Ed) Current issues in Clinical Psychology, Vol 2, New York: Plenum Press

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Watson, M. & Greer, S. (1983) Development of a questionnaire measure of emotional control.  Journal of Psychsomatic Research, 27(4), 299-305

Emotional processing and physical health

Chronic back pain

Julkunen, J., Hurri, H., Kankainen, J. (1988). Psychological factors in the treatment of chronic low back pain – follow-up study of a back pain school intervention. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 50, (4), 173-181.

Van Tulder, M, Koes, B., Bombardier, C. (2002) Low back pain, Best Practice and Research in Clinical Rheumatology, 16, (5), 761-775.

 

Colorectal cancer

Ader, R., Felten, D.L. & Cohen, N. (1991). Psychoneuroimmunology (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.

Beutler, L.E., Engle, D.M., Oro-Buetler, E., Daldrup, R. & Meredith, K. (1986). Inability  to express intense affect: A common link between depression and pain. Journal  of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 6752-6759.

Bleiker, E.M.A. (1995). Personality factors and breast cancer (thesis). Free University, Amsterdam.

Bleiker, E.M.A., & van der Ploeg, H.M. (1999). Psychosocial factors in the aetiology of breast cancer: Review of a popular link. Patient Education and Counselling, 37, 201-214.

Cohen, S. & Herbert, T.B. (1996). Health Psychology: Psychological factors and physical disease from the perspective of human psychoneuroimmunology. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 113-142.  

Dattore, P.J., Shontz, R.C. & Coyne, L. (1980). Premorbid personality differentiation of cancer and non cancer groups: A test of the hypothesis of cancer proneness.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 388-394.  

Department of Health (1997). Guidance on commissioning cancer services: Improving outcomes in colorectal cancer.  NHS Executive.  

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Esterling, B.A., Antoni, M.H., Kumar, M. & Schneiderman, N. (1990). Emotional repression, stress, disclosure responses, and Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigentiters. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52, 390-410.  

Eysenck, H. (1988). The respective importance of personality, cigarette smoking and interaction effects for the genesis of cancer and coronary heart disease.  Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 453-464.  

Eysenck, H. (1994). Synergistic interaction between psychosocial and physical factors in the causation of lung cancer. In C.E. Lewis, C. O’Sullivan and J. Barraclough (Eds.). The psychoimmunology of cancer. Mind and body in the fight for survival (pp163-178).  Oxford Medical Publishers: Oxford.  

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Fawzy, F.I., Fawzy, N.W., Hyun, C.S., Elashoff, R., Guthrie, D., Fahey, J.L. & Morton, D.L. (1993). Malignant melanoma: effects of an early structured psychiatric intervention, coping and affective state on recurrence and survival six years later.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 681-689.  

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Lothian, S. (2000) Emotional processing deficits in colorectal cancer: a theoretical overview and empirical investigation (thesis)

Mckenna, M.C., Zevron, M.A., Corn, B. & Rounds, J. (1999). Psychosocial factors and  the development of breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 18(5), 520-531.  

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Pennebaker, J.W. (1993a). Overcoming inhibition: Rethinking the roles of personality, cognition and social behaviour. In H.C. Traue & J.W. Pennebaker (Eds.).  

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Pettingale, K.W., Watson, M. & Greer, S. (1984). The validity of emotional control as a trait in breast cancer patients. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2, 21-30.  

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Schmale, A. & Iker, H. (1961). The affect of hopelessness and the development of cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine, 28, 714-721.

Schwartz, J. (1990). Multinational trends in cancer mortality rates. Annals of the New  York Academy of Sciences, 609, 136-145.

Shaffer, J.W., Graves, P.C., Swank, R.T. & Pearson, T.A. (1987). Clustering of personality traits in youth and the subsequent development of cancer among physicians. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 10(5), 441-447.  

Shea, J.D.C., Burton, R. & Girgis, A. (1993). Negative affect, absorption and immunity.  Physiology and Behaviour, 53(3), 449-457.  

Sherman, R., Bonanno, G.A., Weiner, L. & Battles, H.B. (2000). When children tell their friends they have AIDS: Possible consequences for psychological well-being and disease progression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 238-247.  

Singer, J.L. & Sincoff, J.B. (1990). Summary chapter: Beyond repression and the defences. In J.L. Singer (Ed.). Repression and dissociation: Implications for personality theory, psychopathology and health (pp. 471-496). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  

Spiegel, D., Bloom, J.R., Kraemer, H.C, & Gotthail, E. (1989). Survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet, ii, 888-891.  

Spratt, J.S., Donegan, W.L. & Sigdestad, C.P. (1995). Epidemiology and etiology. In  W.L. Donegan & J.S. Spratt (Eds.), Cancer of the breast (4th ed.) (pp.116-141). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company.  

Stavraky, K.M., Donner, A.P., Kincade, J.E. & Stewart, M.A. (1988). The effect of psychosocial factors on lung cancer mortality at one year. Journal of Clinical  Epidemiology, 41, 75-82.  

Udelman, H.D. & Udelman, D.L. (1981). Emotions and rheumatologic disorders.   American Journal of Psychotherapy, 35(4), 576-587.  

Van der Ploeg, H., Kleijn, W., Mook, J., Van Donge, M., Pieters, A. & Leer, W. (1989).  Positivity of antiemotionality as a risk factor for cancer: Concept differentiation.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33, 217-225.  

Weihs, K., Simmens, S. & Reiss, D. (1996). Survival in recurrent breast cancer patients predicted by patient coping style. Abstract book conference. The (non) expression of emotions in health and disease. Tilberg (pp 123). In B. Garsen & K. Goodkin, K. (1999).  On the role of imunological factors as mediators between psychosocial factors and cancer progression. Psychiatry Research, 85, 51-61.  

Weinberger, D.A. (1990). The construct validity of repressive coping. In J.L. Singer (Ed.), Repression and dissociation: Implications for personality theory,  psychopathology, and health. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.  

Winawer, S.J., Fletcher, R.H., Miller, L., Godlee, F., Stolar, M.W., Mulrow, C.D. & Woolf, S.H. (1997). Colorectal cancer screening: Clinical guidelines and rationale. Gastroenterology, 112(3), 1060.  

 

Fibromyalgia

Ahles T.A., Yunus M.B., Riley S.D., Bradley J.M., Masi A.T., (1984) Psychological factors associated with primary fibromyalgia syndrome Arthritis and Rheumatism 27, 1101-1106

Alfici S., Sigal M., Landau M., (1989) Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome – a variant of depressive disorder? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 51, 156-161

Baker R., (2001) An emotional processing model for counselling and psychotherapy, a way forward? Counselling in Practice 7(1), 8-11

Baker R., Holloway J., Thomas P.W., Thomas S., Owens M. (2004) Emotional processing and panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol 42, 11, 1271-1287

Bengtsson A., Henriksson K.G., Larsson J., (1986) Muscle biopsy in primary fibromyalgia: Light-microscopical and histochemical findings Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 15, 1-6

Bennett R.M., (1993) Fibromyalgia and the facts: sense or nonsense Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 19(1), 45-59

Beutler L.E., Engle D.M., Oro-Buetler E., Daldrup R., Meredith K., (1986) Inability to express intense affect: A common link between depression and pain Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54, 6752-6759

Blumer D., Heilbronn M., (1982) Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease: the pain prone disorder The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 170, 381-406

Boisset-Pioro M.H., Esdaile J.M., Fitzcharles M.A., (1995) Sexual and physical abuse in fibromyalgia syndrome Arthritis and Rheumatism 38(2), 235-241

Brosschot J.F., Aarsse H.R., (2001) Restricted emotional processing and somatic attribution in fibromyalgia International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 31(2), 127-146

Carette S., (1995) Fibromyalgia 20 years later: What have we really accomplished? The Journal of Rheumatology 22,590-592

Carette S., Oakson G., Guimont C., Steriade M., (1993) Sleep electroencephalography and the clinical response to amitriptyline in patients with fibromyalgia Arthritis and Rheumatism 36, S250

Catchlove R.F., Cohen K.R., Braha R., Demers-Desrosiers L., (1985) Incidence and implications of alexithymia in chronic pain patients The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 173(4), 246-248

Chambless D.L., Goldstein A.J., (1981) Clinical treatment of agoraphobia.  In Mavissakalian M., and Bar D.H., (Eds) Phobia: psychological and pharmacological treatment (p103-144) Guilford Press

Clark S., Campbell S.M., Forehand M.E., Tindall E.A., Bennett R.M., (1985) Clinical characteristics of fibrositis II.  A ‘blinded’, controlled study using standard psychological tests Arthritis and Rheumatism 28, 132-137

Dailey P.A., Bishop G.D., Russell I.J., Fletcher E.M., (1990) Psychological stress and the fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome The Journal of Rheumatology 17(10), 1380-1385

Deary I.J., Scott S., Wilson J.A., (1997) Neuroticism, alexithymia and medically unexplained symptoms Personality and Individual Differences 22, 551-564 

Epping-Jordan J.E., Compass B.E., Howell D.C., (1994) Predictors of cancer progression in young adult men and women: Avoidance, intrusive thoughts and psychological symptoms Health Psychology 13, 539-547

Esterling B.A., Antoni M.H., Kumar M., Schneiderman N., (1990) Emotional repression, stress, disclosure responses, and Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen titers Psychosomatic Medicine 52, 390-410

Fawzy F.I., Kemeny M.E., Fawzy N.W., Elashoff R., Morton D., Cousins N., Fahey J.L., (1990) A structured psychiatric intervention for cancer patients.  Changes over time in immunological measures Archives of General Psychiatry 47(8), 729-735

Fernandez A., Sriram T.G., Rajkumar S., Chandrasekar A.N., (1989) Alexithymic characteristics in rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled study Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 51, 45-50

Foa E.B., Kozak M.J., (1986) Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information Psychological Bulletin 99(1), 20-35

Friedman H.S., Booth-Kewley S., (1987) The ‘disease prone personality’: A meta-analytic view of the construct American Psychologist 42, 539-555

Friedman H.S., Hall J.A., Harris M.J., (1985) Type A behaviour, nonverbal expressive style and health Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48, 1299-1315

Gamsa A., (1994) The role of psychological factors in chronic pain I. A half century of study Pain 57, 5-15

Gardiner B.M., (1980) Psychological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis Psychological Medicine 10, 159-163

Goldenberg D.L., (1986) Psychologic studies in fibrositis The American Journal of Medicine 81, 67-70

Grassi L., Molinari S., (1988) Patterns of emotional control and psychological reactions to breast cancer: A preliminary report Psychological Reports 62, 727-732

Hudson J.I., Hudson M.S., Pliner L.F., Goldenberg D.L., Pope H.G. Jr, (1985) Fibromyalgia and major affective disorder: A controlled phenomenology and family history study American Journal of Psychiatry 142, 441-446 

Hudson J.I. Goldenberg D.L., Harrison G.P Jr., Keck P.E. Jr., Schlesinger L., (1992) Comorbidity of fibromyalgia with medical and psychiatric disorders The American Journal of Medicine 92(4), 363-367

Hunt M.G., (1998) The only way out is through: emotional processing and recovery after a depressing life event Behaviour Research and Therapy 36, 361-384

Jacobsen S., Wildschiodtz G., Danneskiold-Samsoe B., (1991) Isokinetic and isometric muscle strength combined with transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation in primary fibromyalgia syndrome Journal of Rheumatology 18, 1390-1393

Jansen M.A., Muenz L.R. (1984) A retrospective study of personality variables associated with fibrocystic disease and breast cancer Journal of Psychosomatic Research 28, 35-42

Jensen M.R., (1987) Psychobiological factors predicting the course of breast cancer Journal of Personality 55, 317-342

Kanner A.D., Coyne J.C., Schaefer C., Lazarus R.S., (1981) Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events Journal of Behavioural Medicine 4, 2-39

Keefe F.J., Lumley M., Anderson T., Lynch T., Carson K.L., (2001) Journal of Clinical Psychology 57(4), 587-607

Kelley J.E., Lumley M.A., (1997) Health effects of emotional disclosure in rheumatoid arthritis patients Health Psychology 16, 331-340

Kennedy-Moore E., Watson J.C., (1999) Expressing Emotion: Myths, realities and therapeutic strategies. New York: Guildford

Kirmayer L.J., Robbins J.M., Kapusta M.A., (1988) Somatization and depression in fibromyalgia syndrome American Journal of Psychiatry 145, 950-954

Kleiger J.H., Jones B.F., (1980) Characteristics of alexithymic patients in a chronic respiratory illness population The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 168, 461-470

Kosturek A., Gregory R.J., Sousou A.J., Trief P., (1998) Alexithymia and somatic amplification in chronic pain Psychosomatics:- Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry 39, 399-404

Kreitler S., Gohar H., Eldar A. Ezer T., Niv D., (1995) Alexithymia in pain patients The Pain Clinic 8, 295-306

Kreitler S., Niv D., (2001) Pain and alexithymia: The nature of a relation The Pain Clinic 13(1), 13-38

Lumley M.A., Asselin L.A., Norman S., (1997) Alexithymia in chronic pain patients Comprehensive Psychiatry 38, 160-165 

Lumley M.A., Smith J.A., Longo D.J., (2002) The relationship of alexithymia to pain severity and impairment among patients with chronic myofascial pain Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53, 823-830

Melzack R., (1975) The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods Pain 1, 277-299

Millard R.W., Kinsler B.L., (1992) Evaluation of constricted affect in chronic pain: an attempt using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale Pain 50, 287-292

Moos R.H., Solomon G.F (1965a) Psychologic comparisons between women with rheumatoid arthritis and their non-arthritic sisters Psychosomatic Medicine 27(2), 135-149

Moos R.H., Solomon G.F. (1965b) Psychologic comparisons between women with rheumatoid arthritis and their non-arthritic sisters: II Psychosomatic Medicine 27(2) 150-164

Morrow J., Nolen-Hoeksema S., (1990) Effects of responses to depression on the remediation of depressive affect Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58, 519-527

Navlen F.B., O’Brien J.F., (1964) Personality patterns of rheumatoid arthritis patients Arthritis and Rheumatism 7, 18-28

Nolan-Hoeksema S., (1991) Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100, 569-582

Pennebaker J.W., Beale S.K., (1986) Confronting a traumatic event: towards an understanding of inhibition and disease Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95(3), 274-281

Pennebaker J.W., Barger S.D., Tiebout J., (1989) Disclosure of traumas and health among Holocaust survivors Psychosomatic Medicine 51, 577-589

Pennebaker J.W., (1990) Opening up: the healing power of confiding in others.  Morrow

Piergiacomi G., Blasetti P., Berti C., Ercolani M., Cervini C., (1989) Personality pattern in rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgic syndome.  Pschological investigation. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 48, 288-293

Porcelli P., Zaka S., Leoci C., Centonze S., Taylor G.J., (1995) Alexithymia in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 64, 49-53

Rachman S., (2001) Emotional Processing, with special reference to PTSD International Review of Psychiatry 13(3), 164-171

Rohde P., Lewinsohn P.M., Tilson M., Seeley J.R., (1990) Dimensionality of coping and its relation to depression Journal of Personality and social Psychology 58(3), 499-511

Schwartz J., (1990) Multinational trends in cancer mortality rates Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 609, 136-145

Shear M.K., Weiner K., (1997) Psychotherapy for panic disorder Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58, 38-43

Sherman R., Bonanno G.A., Weiner L., Battles H.B., (2000) When children tell their friends they have aids: Possible consequences for psychological well-being and disease progression Psychosomatic Medicine 62, 238-247

Simms R.W., Roy S.H., Hrovat M., Anderson J.J., (1994) Lack of association between fibromyalgia syndrome and abnormalities in muscle energy metabolism Arthritis and Rheumatism 37, 794-800

Smith J.A., Lumley M.A., Longo D.J., (2002) Contrasting emotional approach coping with passive coping for chronic myofascial pain Annals of Behavioural Medicine 24, 326-335

Sriram T.G., Ghaturvedi S.K., Gopinath P.S., Shanmugam V., (1987) Controlled study of alexithymic characteristics in patients with psychogenic pain disorder Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 47, 11-17

Stavraky K.M., Donner A.P., Kincade J.E., Stweart M.A., (1988) The effect of psychosocial factors on lung cancer mortality at one year Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 41, 75-82

Tariot P.N., Yocum D., Kalin N.H., (1986) Psychiatric disorders in fibromyalgia American Journal of Psychiatry 143, 812-813

Taylor M.L., Trotter D.R., Csuka M.E., (1995) The prevalence of sexual abuse in women with fibromyalgia Arthritis and Rheumatism 38, 229-234 

Taylor G.J., Bagby R.M., Parker J.D.A., (1997) Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illnesses Cambridge University Press

Teasdale J.D., Fennell M.J.V., (1982) Immediate effects on depression of cognitive therapy interventions Cognitive Therapy and Research 6(3), 343-352

Udelman H.D., Udelman D.L., (1981) Emotions and rheumatologic disorders American Journal of Psychotherapy 35(4), 576-587

Van der Kolk B.A., (1996) The complexity of adaptation to trauma: Self regulation, stimulus discrimination and characterological developments.  In, B.A. Van der Kolk, A.C. McFarlane & L. Weisaeth (Eds) Traumatic Stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society (p182-213) Guildford Press

Watson M., Greer S., (1983) Development of a questionnaire measure of emotional control Journal of Psychosomatic Research 27, 299-305

Wolfe F., (1997) The fibromyalgia problem The Journal of Rheumatology 24(7), 1247-1249

Wolfe F., Ross K., Anderson J., Russell I.J., Hebert L., (1995) The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population Arthritis and Rheumatism 38, 19-28

Yunus M.B, Masi A.T., Calabro J.J., Miller K.A., Faigenbaum S.L., (1981) Primary fibromyalgia (fibrositis): Clinical study of 50 patients with matched normal controls Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 11, 151-171

Yunus M.B., Kalyan-Raman U.P., Masi A.T., Aldag J.C., (1989) Electron microscopic studies of muscle biopsy in primary fibromyalgia syndrome: a controlled and blinded study The Journal of Rheumatology 16(1), 97-101

Irritable bowel syndrome

Ader, R., Cohen, N. & Felten, D. (1995) Psychoneuroimmunology: interactions between the nervous system and the immune system.  Lancet 345, 99-103

Ali, A., Toner B. B., Stuckless, N., Gallop R., et al. (2000).  Emotional abuse, self-blame, and self-silencing in women with irritable bowel syndrome.  Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 76-82.

Baldaro, B., Gattacchi, M.W., Codispoti, M. & Tuozzi, G. (1996) Modification of electrogastrographic activity during the viewing of brief film sequences.  Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82(ii), 1243-1250

Burns, J.W. (2000). Repression predicts outcome following multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pain. Health Psychology, 19, 75 – 84.

Chun, A., DeSautels, S., Slivka, A., Mitrani, C., Starz, T., DiLorenzo, C., & Wald, A.  (1999). Visceral algesia in irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and Ssphincter of Oddi dysfunction, type III.  Digestive Diseases and Sciences 44, 631-6

Cohen, F. & Lazarus, R.S. (1979). Coping with the stresses of illness.  In G.C. Stone, F. Cohen, N.E. Adler, et al (Eds) Health & Psychology: a handbook (pp 217-254)  San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass

Drossman, D.A. (1996). The role of psychosocial factors in gastrointestinal illness.  Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology Supplement, 221, 1-4.

Drossman, D.A. (1999). The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome II process. Gut, 45, (SII) 1 – 5.

Drossman, D.A., Creed, F.H., Olden, K.W., Svedlund, J.,Toner, B.B., & Whitehead W.E.  (1999). Psychosocial aspects of the functional gastrointestinal disorders.  Gut 45 (Supp II): II 25-30.

Greer, S., Morris, T. (1975). Psychological attributes of women who develop breast cancer:  a controlled study.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 19, 147-153.

Guthrie, E. (2003). Treatment of somatisation using psychodynamic interpersonal therapy.  Beyond somatisation: Conference presentation to Scottish Psychotherapy division of the Royal College of Psychiatrists (April, Pitlochery, Scotland).

Guthrie, E. (1993). Psychological management of patients with irritable bowel syndrome.  In M. Hodes & S. Moorey (eds.), Psychological treatment in disease and illness (pp. 88-100).  London: Gaskell & the Society for Psychosomatic Research, 1993.

International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD).  (2002). Summary:  IBS in the real world.   Participate, 11(2), 9.

Levy, R.L., Cain, K.C., Jarrett, M., & Heitkemper, M.M. (1997). The relationship between daily life stress with gastrointestinal symptoms with women with irritable bowel syndrome.  Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 177-193.

Mayer, E.A.  (2000).  The neurobiological basis of mind body medicine.  Milwaukee WI: International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders.

Mayer, E.A., Naliboff, B.D., & Chang, L. (2001). Basic pathophysiologic mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome.  Digestive Disorders, 19;, 212-218.

Naliboff, B.D., Balice, G., & Mayer, E.A.  (1998).  Psychosocial moderators of quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome.  European Journal of Surgery 83, (S) 57-9

Norton, G.R., Norton, P.J, Gasmundson, G.J.G, Thompson, L.A., & Larsen, D.K. (1999). Neurotic butterflies in my stomach:  the role of anxiety,  anxiety sensitivity, and depression in functional gastrointestinal disorders.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47, 233-240.

Panskepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions.  Oxford:  Oxford University Press.

Payne, A., & Blanchard, E.B. (1995). A controlled comparison of cognitive therapy and self-help support groups in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.  Journal of Consulting  Clinical Psychology, 63, 779-786.

Pinto, C., Lele, M. V., Joglekar, A. S.,  Panwa,r V.S., Dhavale, H.S. (2000).  Stressful life events, anxiety, depression and coping in patients of irritable bowel syndrome.  Journal of the Association of Physicians in India, 48, 589 – 93. 

Porcelli, P., Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M. & DeCarne, M. (1999) Alexithymia and functional gastrointestinal disorders: A comparison of inflammatory bowel disease.  Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 68(5), 263-269

Read, N. (1999).  Harnessing the patient’s powers of recovery:  the role of the psychotherapies in the irritable bowel syndrome.  Balliere’s Clinical Gastroenterology, 13, 473-487.**

Reid M.  (in preparation, 2004)   Illness experiences, psychological conflicts, and their treatment needs in functional gastrointestinal disordered patients.

Schwartz, G.E. (1989). Disregulation theory and disease:  toward a general model for psychosomatic medicine.  In S. Cheron (Ed.) Psychosomatic medicine:  theory, physiology, and practice, vol 1 (pp.91-117). V.1, Madison CT: International Universities Press. pp.91-117.

Slepoy, V.D., Pezzotto, S.M., Kraier, L., Burde, L., Wohlwend, K., Razzari, E., & Poletto, L. (1999)  Irritable bowel syndrome:  clinical and psychopathological correlations.  Digestive Diseases & Sciences, 1999, 1008-12.

Suls, J., Wan, C.K., & Blanchard, E.B. (1994). Multilevel data-analytic approach for evaluation of relationships between daily life stressors and symptomology:  patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Health Psychology, 13, 103-113.

Tanum L., & Malt, U.F. (2001). Personality and physical symptoms in non psychiatric patients with functional gastrointestinal disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 50,  139-146.

Temoshok, L., & Fox, B.H. (1984). Coping styles and other psychosocial factors related to medical status and to prognosis in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma.  In B.H. Fox and & B.H. Newberry (eds.),  Impact of psychoendocrine systems in cancer and immunity (pp. 86-146).  Toronto:  C.J. Hogrefe.

Thompson, W.G., Longstreth, G.F., Drossman, D.A., HEaton, K.W., Irvine, E.F., & Muler-Lissner, S.A. (1999).  Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain. Gut, 45,  SII, 43 – 47.

Toner, B.B., Segal, Z.V., Emmott, S., Myran, D., Ali, A., DiGasbarro, I., & Stuckless, N.  (1998). Cognitive –behavioural group therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome.  International Journal  of Group Psychotherapy, 48, 215-243.

Truae, H.C., & Michael, A.M. (1993). Behavioural and emotional inhibition in head pain. In H.C. Truae & J.W. Pennebaker (eds.),  Emotion, inhibition and health.  (pp. 226-246). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber.

Woodbury,  M.M.(1993). Recurrent abdominal pain in child patients seen at a paediatric gastroenterology clinic:  observations of 50 children and their families.  Psychosomatic Medicine, 34, 485 – 493.

 

Somatization

American Psychiatric Association (1994).  Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Anderson, C.D. (1981) Expression of affect and physiological response in psychosomatic patients.  Journal of psychosomatic research, 25(3), 143-149

Bach, M. & Bach, D. (1995).  Predictive value of alexithymia: a prospective study in somatizing patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 64, 43-48.

Baker, R. (Ed.) (1989).  Panic Disorder: Theory, Research and Therapy.  Chichester: Wiley.

Baker, R. (1995). Understanding Panic Attacks and Overcoming Fear.  Lion Publishing, Oxford.

Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: a social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, New Jerssey: Prentice Hall.

Bass, C. & Murphy, M. (1990).  The chronic somatizer and the government white paper (Editorial).  Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 83, 203-205.

Bion (1967).  In: Second Thoughts. London: Heinemann/Karnac.

Bridges, R.N & Goldberg, D.P. (1985).  Somatic presentation of DSM-III disorders in primary care.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29, 563-569.

Brosschot, J.F. & Aarsse, H.R. (2001) Restricted emotional processing and somatic attribution.  International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 31(2), 127-146

Bucci, W. (1997).  Symptoms and Symbols: a multiple code theory of somatization.  Psychoanalytic Enquiry, 2, 151-172.

Cohen, K., Auld, F. & Brooker, H. (1994).  Is alexithymia related to psychosomatic disorder and somatizing?  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 119-127.

Cox, B.J., Kuch, K., Parker, J.D.A., Shulman, I.D. & Evans, R.J. (1994).  Alexithymia in somatoform disorder patients with chronic pain.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 523-527.

Craig, T.K.J., Boardman, A.P., Mills, K., Daly-Jones, O. & Drake, H. (1993).  The south London somatisation study I: Longitudinal course and the influence of early life experiences.  British Journal of Psychiatry, 193, 579 – 588.

Craig, T.K.J., Drake, H., Mills, K. & Boardman, A.P. (1994).  The south London somatisation study II: Influence of stressful life events and secondary gain.  British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 248 – 258.

Deary, I.J., Scott, S. & Wilson, J.A. (1997).  Neuroticism, alexithymia and medically unexplained symptoms.  Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 551-564.

De Gucht, V. & Fischler, B. (2002).  Somatization: a critique of conceptual and methodological issues.  Psychosomatics, 43, 1-9.

Fordyce, W. (1976).  Behavioural Methods for Chronic Pain and Illness. St. Louis: Mosby.

Freud, S. (1894). The psychoneuroses of defence. In J. Strachey (ed. and trans.). The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud (vol. 3, pp22-60). London: Hogarth.

Kellner, R. (1985).  Functional somatic symptoms and hypochondriasis: a survey of controlled studies.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1021-1028.

Kellner, R. (1987). Hypochondriasis and somatization.  Journal of the American Medical Association, 258, 2718-2722.

Kellner, R. (1990). Somatization: Theories and research.  Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 150-160.

Kellner, R. (1991).  Psychosomatic syndromes and somatic symptoms.  Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Kirmayer, L.J. & Robbins, J.M. (1991).  Three forms of somatization in primary care: prevalence, co-occurrence and sociodemographic characteristics.  Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 179, 647-655.

Lane, R.D. & Schwartz, G.E. (1987) Levels of emotional awareness: A cognitive-developmental theory and its application to psychopathology.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 133-143.

Lask, B and Fosson, A. (1989). Childhood Illness: The Psychosomatic Approach. Chichester: Wiley.

Lipowski, Z.J. (1968). Review of consultation psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine, III: theoretical issues.  Psychosomatic Medicine, 30, 395-422.

Rachman, S. (1980). Emotional processing.  Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 51-60.

Rief, W. & Hiller, W. (1999).  Toward empirically based criteria for somatoform disorders.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 46, 507-518.

Rief, W., Hiller, W. & Margraf, J. (1998).  Cognitive aspects of hypochondriasis and the somatisation syndrome.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 587-595.

Sharpe, M. & Bass, C. (1992). Pathophysiological mechanisms in somatization.  International Review of Psychiatry, 4, 81-97.

Sifneos, P.E. (1973).  The prevalence of ‘alexithymic’ characteristics in psychosomatic patients.  Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 22, 255-262.

Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M. & Parker, J.D.A. (1991).  The alexithymia construct: a potential paradigm for psychosomatic medicine.  Psychosomatics, 32, 153-164.

Taylor, G.J. (1997) Somatoform disorders.  In G.J. Taylor, R.M. Bagby and J.D.A. Parker, Disorders of Affect Regulation: Alexithymia in Medical and Psychiatric Illness.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tyrer, P. (1973).  Relevance of bodily feelings in emotion.  The Lancet, i, 915-916.

Young, J.E. (1990) Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders: A Schema Focussed Approach.  Professional Resource Exchange Inc.: Florida, USA.

General references

Boman, B (1988) Stress and heart disease. In S. Fisher and J Reason (Eds) Handbook of life stress, cognition and health.  Chichester; Wiley. 

Fox, B H (1982) Endogenous psychosocial factors in cross-national cancer incidence.  In J R Eiser (Ed) Social Psychology and behavioural medicine, Chichester; Wiley.

Grossarth-Maticek, R, Bastiaans, J & Kanazir, D T (1985)  Psychological factors as strong predictors of mortality from cancer, ischaemic heart disease and stroke: The Yugoslav Prospective Study.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29, 167-176. 

Rachman, S (1980) Emotional processing.  Behaviour, Research and Therapy, 18, 51-60.

Riley, V (1981) Psychoneuro endocrine influences or immunocompetence and neoplasia.  Science 212, 1100-1109.

Emotional processing and gender

Allen,J. G. & Haccoun, D. M. (1976). Sex differences in emotionality: A multi-dimensional approach. Human Relations, 29, 711-722.

Averill, J. (1982). Anger and aggression.  New York, Springer

Ben-Zur, H. & Zeidner, M. (1996). Gender differences in coping reactions under community crisis and daily routine conditions. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 331-340.

Bindra, D. (1972) Weeping: a problem of many facets.  Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 25, 281-284

Birnbaum, D., Noasonchuk, T. & Cross, W. (1980) Children’s stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality.  Sex Roles, 6, 435-443

Briton, N. & Hall, J. (1995) Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication.  Sex Roles, 32, 79-90

Brody, L.R. & Hall, J.A. (1993) Gender and emotion.  In M. Lewis & J.M. Haviland (Eds), Handbook of emotions.  New York: Guildford Press, 447-460

Darwin, C. (1998) The expression of the emotions in man and animals.  Website: ‘http://human-nature.com/darwin/emotion/chaps.htm’ accessed 19 August 2004

Diener, E., Sandvick, E. & Larsen, R. (1995). Age and sex effects for emotional intensity. Developmental Psychology, 21, 542-546.

Dosser, D., Balswick, J. & Halverson. C. (1983). Situational context of emotional expression. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 30, 375-387.

Eun-pyo, L. (2002). Crying and Tears. The Korea Times. Website: ‘http://times.hankooki.com/1page/opinion/200212/kt2002120116233812880.htm’  accessed: 9th August 2004.

Fabes, R. & Martin, C. (1991). Gender and ages stereotypes of emotionality.  Personality and social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 532-540

Fischer, A. (1993).  Sex differences in emotionality: fact or stereotype.  Feminism and Psychology, 3, 303-318

Fischer, A.H. (2000).  Gender and emotion: social psychological perspectives.  New York, Cambridge University Press

Fischer, A. & Manstead, S.R. (2000).  The relation between gender and emotions in difference cultures.  In A. H. Fischer (Ed), Gender and emotion: social psychological perspectives.  Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 71-94

Frey W.H. & Langseth M. (1985).  Crying: The mystery of tears.  Minneapolis, MN: Winston

Gray, J. (1992) Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus: A practical guide for improving communication and getting what you want in your relationships.  HarperCollins Publishers

Grossman, M. & Wood, W. (1993) Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: a social role interpretation.  Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 65 1010-1022

Gurian, M. (2003). What Could He Be Thinking?- How A Man’s Mind Really Works. Griffin Paperback.

Hall, J. A. (1987). On explaining gender differences: The case of nonverbal communication. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 177-200.

Hauser, M. D. (1995). Review of “Language and Communication”, by H. R. Roitblatt et al. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Comparative and Physiological Processes, 47B, 454-457.

Hutson-Comeaux, S. L. & Kelly, J. R. (2002). Gender stereotypes of emotional reactions: how we judge an emotion as valid. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research. 

Jansz, J. (2000). Masculine identity and restrictive emotionality. In A.H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and Emotion (pp. 166 – 186). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 

Kelly, J. R. & Hutson-Comeaux, S. L. (1999). Gender-emotion stereotypes are context specific. Sex Roles, 40, 107-120.

Kindlon, D. J. & Thompson, M. (2000). Raising Cain: Protecting the Emotional Life of Boys. Ballantine Books Inc., New York.

Kring, A.M. & Gordon, A.H. (1998).  Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience and physiology.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 686-703

Lanzetta, J.T., Cartwright-Smith, J. & Kleck, R.E. (1976).  Effects of nonverbal dissimulation on emotional experience and autonomic arousal.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 354-370

Levant, R. F. (1995). Masculine identity and restrictive emotionality. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 166-185.

Levant, R.F. (1995). Toward the reconstruction of masculinity. In R.F. Levant & W.S. Pollack (Eds.). A new psychology of men (pp.229 – 252). New York: HarperCollins. 

Levant, R.F., Hirsch, L., Celentano, E., Cozza, T., Hill, S., MacEachern, M., Marty, N., & Schnedeker, J. (1992). The male role: An investigation into norms and stereotypes. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 14, 325 – 377. 

Lombardo, W. K., Cretser, G. A. & Roesch, S. C. (2001). For crying out loud—the differences persist into the ’90s – Statistical Data Included. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research.   

Lombardo, W.J., Cretser, G.A., Lombardo, B. & Mathis, S.L. (1983).  For crying out loud – there is a sex difference.  Sex Roles, 9, 987-995

MacGeorge, E. L. (2003). Gender differences in attributions and emotions in helping contexts. Sex Roles, 48(3), 175. 

Maltz, D. N. & Borker, R. A. (1982). A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication.  In J. Gumperz (Ed.), Language and social identity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 195-216. 

Pease, A. & Pease, B. (2002). Why men lie and women cry. An Orion Paperback.

Ptacek, J. T., Smith, R. E. & Dodge, K. L. (1994). Gender differences in coping with stress: When stressors and appraisals do not differ. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 421-430.

Rosenblatt, P.E., Walsh, R.P. & Jackson, D.A. (1976).  Grief and mourning in cross-cultural perspective.  New Haven, CT: HRAF

Ross, E.E. & Mirowsky, J. (1984).  Men who cry.  Social Psychology Quarterly, 47(2), 138-146

Twenge, J. M. (1997). Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 36, 305-325.

Wagstaff, G. F. & Rowledge, A. M. (1995). Stoicism: Its relation to gender, attitudes toward poverty, and reactions to emotive material. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(2), 181.

Wood, J. T. (1997). Gendered lives: Communication, gender, and culture (2nd Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Yong, H. H., Gibson, S. J., Horne, D. & Helme, R. D. (2001). Development of a pain attitudes questionnaire to assess stoicism and cautiousness for possible age differences. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological sciences and social sciences, 56B(5), 279-284. 

Williams, D.G. & Morris, G.H. (1996).  Weeping or tearfulness in British and Israeli adults.  British Journal of Psychology, 87, 479-505

Emotional processing & forgiveness

Parkes, C. M. (1975). Unexpected and untimely bereavement: A statistical study of young Boston widows and widowers. In Schoenberg, B., Gerber, I., Wiener, A., Kutscher, A. H., Peretz, D., & Carr, A. C. (Eds.), Bereavement: It’s Psychosocial Aspects (pp.119-138). New York: Columbia University Press.

Freud, S., (1909) Selected papers on hysteria and other psychoneuroses, No. 4 of the Neurosis and mental disease monograph series, New York.

Worthington, E.L., Jr., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology and Health, 19, 385-405.

Ortony, A., Collins, A. and Clore, G.L., The cognitive structure of emotions, Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 1988.

Beck, A.T., Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders, New York: International University Press, 1976.

Oatley, K. and Duncan, D., The experience of emotions in everyday life, Cognition and emotion, 8, 1994, pp. 369-81

Philippot, P. and Rime, B., Social and cognitive processing in emotion, Chapter 8 of W.F. Flack and J.D. Laird (eds), Emotions in psychopathology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Lazarus, R. S., & Averill, J. R. (1972). Emotion and cognition: With special reference to anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and behaviour (2nd ed., pp. 242-283). New York: Academic Press.

Kross, E., Ayduk, D. & Mischel, W. (2005). When asking ‘Why’ does not hurt. Psychological Science, 16, 709-715

Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., McGuire, L., Robles, T.F. et al., ‘Emotions, morbidity and mortality: New perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology’, Annual Review of psychology, 53, 2002, pp. 83-107.

Worthington, E. L., Jr., Witvliet, C. v. O., Lerner, A. J., & Scherer, M. (2005). Forgiveness in medical practice and research. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing, 1, 169-176.

Lundahl, B.W., Taylor, M.J., Stevenson, R., Roberts, K.D. (2008). Process-Based Forgiveness Interventions: A Meta-Analytic Review. Research on Social Work Practice, Vol. 18,  5, 465-478

Toussaint, L.L., Williams, D.R., Musick, M.A. & Eversons, A. (2001). ‘Forgiveness & Health: Age differences in a U.S probability sample’, Journal of Adult Development 8, 249-257

Lawler, K.A., Younger, J.W., Piferi, R.L., et al. ‘A change of heart: cardiovascular correlates of forgiveness in response to cardiovascular fitness’. Journal of behavioural medicine, 2003: 26(5), 373-393

 

Purposeless or adaptive?

Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 3, 66-82.

Oatley, K. (1992). Best laid schemes: the psychology of emotions. Cambridge University Press.

Panksep, J. (1982). Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 5, 407-467.

Plutchik, R. (1987). Evolutionary bases of empathy. Cambridge studies in social and emotional development, Empathy and its development, Eisenberg, N. & Strayer, J. (Eds), New York: Cambridge University Press.

Frijda, N. H. (1986). The Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Evans, D. (2001). Emotion, the science of sentiment. Oxford University Press.

Rose, H. & Rose, J. (2000). Alas, Poor Darwin: arguments against evolutionary psychology. London, Jonathan Cape.

Is crying good for you?

Cornelius, R. R. (1986). “Prescience in the pre-scientific study of weeping? A history of weeping in the popular press from the mid-1800’s to the present” presented at 57th Annual Meeting of the Psychological Association, New York.

Cornelius, R. R. (Ed) (2001). “Crying and Catharsis”. Adult crying: a biopsychosocial approach (pp. 199-211). Brunner-Routledge, Hove, East Sussex.

Efran, J.S. & Spangler, T.J. (1979) Why grown-ups cry: a two factor theory and evidence from the miracle worker.  Motivation and emotion 3, 63-72

Frey, W.H., DeSota-Johnson, D., Hoffman, C. & McCall, J.T. (1981) Effect of stimulus on the chemical composition of human tears.  American Journal of Ophthalmology 92, 559-567

Kraemer, D.L. & Hastrup, J.L. (1988) Crying in adults: self control and autonomic correlates.  Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology 6, 53-68

Lombardo, W. K., Crester, G. A., Lombardo, B. & Mathis, S. L. (1983). Fer Cryin’ out loud – There’s a sex difference. Sex Roles, 9, 987-995.

Lutz, T. (1999) Crying: The natural and cultural history of tears.  New York, Norton

Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. & Becht, M. C. (1997). Why we cry and how it affects mood. Psychosomatic Medicine, 5, 59-92.

Tears and the processing of emotional hurt

Cornelius, R.R. (Ed) (2001) Adult crying: a biopychosocial approach.  Brunner-Routledge.

Frey, W. H. II & Langseth M.  (1985)Crying: the mystery of tears.  New York, Harper & Row

Littrell (1998)  Is the experience of painful emotion therapeutic?  Clinical Psychology Review 18,1,71-102

Lutz, T. (1999)  Crying: the natural and cultural history of tears.  New York, Norton

McCarthy, S. & Masson, J.M. (1995)  When elephants weep: the emotional lives of animals.  New York, Doubleday.

Nichols, M.P., & Zax, M (1977)  Catharsis in Psychotherapy.  New York, Gardner.

Scheff, T. (1984) The taboo on coarse emotions.  Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 146-169.

Van Haeringen, N.J. (1981)  Clinical Biochermistry of Tears.  Survey of Opthalmology 26, 84-96

 

When tears fail

Bohart, A.C. (1980) Toward a cognitive theory of catharsis.  Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, Vol 17, 192-201

Gendlin, E.T. (1981) Focusing.  2nd edition.  New York, Bantum Books

Gendlin, E.T. (1998) Focusing oriented psychotherapy.  New York, Guildford Press

Nichols, M.P. & Zax, M. (1977) Catharsis in psychotherapy.  New York, Gardner

Parrizi, J., Anderson, S.W., Martin, C.O., Damasio, H. & Damasio, A.R. (2001) Pathological laughter and crying: a link to the cerebellium.  Brain, 124, 1708-1719

Phillippot,P. & Rime, B. (1998) Social and cognitive processing in emotion.  Chapter in W.F. Flack & J.D. Laird ‘Emotions in psychpathology: theory and research’.  New York, Oxford University Press

Rogers, C.R. (1954) What is means to become a person.  In C.R. Rogers’ ‘A therapist’s view of psychotherapy’.  London, Constable

Rogers, C.R. (1956) A process conception of psychotherapy.  In C.R. Rogers’ ‘A therapist’s view of psychotherapy’.  London, Constable

Shaibam, A.T., Sabbagh, M.N., Khaen, B.N. (2001) Pathological human crying.  Chapter in ‘Adult crying: a bio psychosocial approach’.  Ed J.J.M. Vingerhoets & R.R. Cornelius.  Hove, Brunner-Routledge.

Van Haeringen, N.J. (1981) Clinical biochemistry on tears, Survey of Opthalmology 2-6, 84-96

Wilson, S.A. (1924) Some problems in neurology.  Pathological laughing and crying.  Journal of Neuropsychopathology, 4, 299-333

 

General references on tears

Buss, D.M. (1992). Manipulation in close relationships: Five personality factors in interactional context. Journal of Personality. 60, 477 – 499. 

Bindra, D. (1972). Weeping, a problem of many facets. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society. 25, 281 – 284. 

De-Fruyt, F. (1997) Gender and individual differences in adult crying.  Personality and individual differences, 22, 937-940

Eisler, R.M., & Skidmore, J.R. (1987). Masculine gender role stress. Behavior Modification. 11, 123 – 136. 

Frey, W.W., Hoffman-Ahern, C., Johnson, R.A., Lykken, D.T., & Tuason, V.B. (1983). Crying behaviour in the human adult. Integrative psychiatry. 1, 94 – 100. 

Gillespie, B.L. & Eisler, R.M. (1992). Development of the Feminine Gender Role Stress Scale. Behaviour Modification. 16, 426 – 438. 

Kottler, J.A. (1996). The language of tears. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.   

Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press. 

Lombardo, W.K., Crester, G.A., Lombardo, B., & Mathis, S.L. (1983). Fer cryin’ out loud – There’s a sex difference. Sex Roles. 9, 987 – 995. 

Ross, C.E., & Mirowsky, J. (1984). Men who cry. Social Psychology Quarterly. 47, 138 – 146. 

Williams, D.G. (1982). Weeping by adults: Personality correlates and sex differences. Journal of Psychology. 110, 217 – 226. 

Williams, D.G., & Morris, G.H. (1996). Crying, weeping or tearfulness in British and Israeli adults. British Journal of Psychology. 87, 479 – 505.

Chronic pain and emotional processing

Aronoff, G. & Dupuy, D. (1997). Evaluation and management of back pain: preventing disability. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 9, 109-124.

Arnst, C., Licking, E. & Barrett, A. (1999). Conquering Pain: New discoveries and treatments offer hope. Website: http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_09/b3618001.htm, date accessed: 7th April 2005.

Asmundson, G. J. G., Norton, P. J.  & Norton, G. R. (1999). Beyond Pain: The role of fear and avoidance in chronicity. Clinical Psychology Review, 19, 97-119.

Badura, A., Reiter, R., Altmaier, E., Rhombers, A. & Bias, D. (1997). Dissociation, somatization, substance abuse, and coping in women with chronic pelvic pain. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 90, 405-410.

Baker, R., Thomas, S., Thomas, P. & Owens, M. (2003). Development of a new emotional processing scale. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on the (non) expression of emotions in health and disease, October, Tilberg University, The Netherlands.

Baker, R., Tilley, S. Owens, M. & Tosunlar, L. (2004). Emotional Processing and Pain. (Unpublished document.) Dorset Research Development and Support Unit.

Bennett, R. (2002). Understanding Chronic Pain and Fibromyalgia: A Review of Recent Discoveries. The Oregon Fibromyalgia Foundation.  Website:  http://www.myalgia.com/chrpain.htm, date accessed: January 26th 2005.

Benson, H. (1975). The Relaxation Response. New York: Avon Books.

Blair, J., Blair, R., & Rueckert P. (1994). Pre-injury emotional trauma and chronic pain, an unexpected finding. Spine, 19, 1146-1147.

Booth, C.C. (2002). John Haygarth FRS (1740-1827). The James Lind Library. Website: http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/trial_records/19th_Century/haygarth/haygarth_biog.html, date accessed: 23rd August 2004.

Chapman, C.R., Nakamura, Y., Donaldson, G.W., Jacobson, R.C., Bradshaw, D.H., Flores, L. & Chapman, C.N. (2001). Sensory and affective dimensions of phasic pain are indistinguishable in the self-report and psychophysiology of normal laboratory subjects. The Journal of Pain, 2, 279-294.

Chen, A.C. (2001). New perspectives in EEG/MEG brain mapping and Pet/fMRI neuroimaging of human pain. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42, 53-65.

Collinge, W. (1997). Mind / Body Medicine. Website: http://www.medical-library.net/specialties/framer.html?/specialties/_mind_body_medicine.html, date accessed: 22nd August 2004.

Crombez, G., Vervaet, L., Lysens, R., Eelen, P. & Baeyens, F. (1996). Do pain expectancies cause pain in chronic low back patients? A clinical investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 919–925.

Crombez, G., Vervaet, L., Lysens, R., Baeyens, F. & Eelen, P. (1998). Avoidance and confrontation of painful, back-straining movements in chronic back pain patients. Behavior Modification, 22, 62–77. 

Davidson, R.C. (2000). Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: brain mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist, 55, 1193-1214.

Davidson, R. (2001). Toward a biology of personality and emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 935, 191-209.

Davidson, R. (2002). Anxiety and affective style: Role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 68-80.

Gallagher, R. (1997). Behavioral and biobehavioral treatment in chronic pain: perspectives on the evidence of effectiveness. Mind/Body Medicine, 2, 176-183.

Geisser, M., Roth, R., Bachman, J. & Eckert, T. (1996). The relationship between symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and pain, affective disturbance and disability among patients with accident and non-accident related pain. Pain, 66, 207-214.

Greenway, J. (2003). Mind-Body Interaction in the Eighteenth-Century Tractorizing of Pain; or, Galvanising Trumpery Reveal’d! Elisha Perkins and the Metallic Tractors.  Website: http://www.uky.edu/~engjlg/research/perkins.htm, date accessed: 18th August 2004.

Hrobjartsson, A. & Norup, M. (2003). The use of placebo interventions in medical practice: A national questionnaire survey of Danish clinicians. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 26(2), 153-165.

Jackson, M. (2002). Pain: The Fifth Vital Sign: The Science and Culture of Why We Hurt. The Microhistory of Pain.  Website: http://www.marnijackson.com/books/excerpt.html, date accessed: 24th April 2005.

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Keefe, F. J., Lumley, M., Anderson, T., Lynch, T., Studts, J. L. & Carson, K. L. (2001). Pain and emotion: new research directions. Review of studies looking at the effects on pain of stress, negative emotional states, catastrophizing, fear, emotional regulation, and treatment seeking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(4), 587-607.

Letham, J., Slade, P. D., Troup, J. D. & Bentley, G. (1983). Outline of a Fear-Avoidance Model of exaggerated pain perception—I. Behaviour Research Therapy, 21(4), 401-408.

Marchand, S., Kupers, R. C., Bushnell, M. C. & Duncan, G. H. (2003). Analgesic and placebo effects of thalamic stimulation. Pain, 105(3), 481-488.

McCracken, L. M. Gross, R. T., Sorg, P. J. & Edmands, T. A. (1993). Prediction of pain in patients with chronic low back pain: Effects of inaccurate prediction and pain-related anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 647-652.

McRae, C., Cherin, E., Yamazaki, T. G. & Diem, G. (2004). Effects of Perceived Treatment on Quality of Life and Medical Outcomes in a Double-blind Placebo Surgery Trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(4), 412-421. 

Melzack, R. (1999). Pain and stress: A new perspective. In Gatchel, R. & Turk, D. (Eds.). Psychosocial factors in pain: critical perspectives. New York: Guilford.

Mendell, L. M. & Wall, P. D. (1965). Response of single dorsal cord cells to peripheral cutaneous unmyleinated fibers. Nature, 206, 97-99.

Mundipharma, (1998). Partners in Pain. What is Pain? History. Website: http://www.medeserv.com.au/mundipharma/pain/history.htm, date accessed: 9th September 2004.

Okifuji, A. & Turk, D. (1998). Interdisciplinary approach to pain management. Journal of Anesthesia, 12, 142-152. 

Phan, K.L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. & Liberzon, I. (2001). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage, 16, 331-348.

Philips, H. C. (1987). Avoidance behaviour and its role in sustaining chronic pain. Behaviour Research Therapy, 25(4), 273-279.

Porter, R. (1997). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Anitquity to the Present. Fontana Press.

Price, D. (2000). Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science, 288, 1769-1772.

Sherman, J., Turk, D. & Okifuji, A. (2000). Prevalence and impact of post-traumatic stress -like symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Clinical Journal of Pain, 16, 127-134.

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Ullrich, Jr. P. F. & Burke, S. U. (1999). Modern theories of chronic pain. Website: http://www.spine-health.com/topics/cd/pain/chronic_pain_theories/chronic_pain_theory01.html, date accessed: 28th April 2005.

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Walsh, F. (2003). Crisis, trauma, and challenge: A relational resilience for healing,

transformation, and growth.  Smith College Studies in Social Work, 74(1), 49-72.   

Weisberg, M. B. & Clavel Jr., A. L. (1999). Why is chronic pain so difficult to treat? Psychological considerations from simple to complex care. Postgraduate Medicine, 106, 6. Website: http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/1999/11_99/weisberg.htm, date accessed: 5th April 2005.

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Yezierski, R. P. Radson, E. & Vanderah, T. W. (2004). Controlling Pain: Understanding Chronic Pain. Nursing, 34(4), 22-23.

Zimmermann, M. (2004).  Chronic pain. Epidemiology and management in Germany, 33(5), 508-514.

Fibromyalgia

Ahles T.A., Yunus M.B., Riley S.D., Bradley J.M., Masi A.T., (1984) Psychological factors associated with primary fibromyalgia syndrome Arthritis and Rheumatism 27, 1101-1106

Alfici S., Sigal M., Landau M., (1989) Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome – a variant of depressive disorder? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 51, 156-161

Baker R., (2001) An emotional processing model for counselling and psychotherapy, a way forward? Counselling in Practice 7(1), 8-11

Baker R., Holloway J., Thomas P.W., Thomas S., Owens M. (2004) Emotional processing and panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol 42, 11, 1271-1287

Bengtsson A., Henriksson K.G., Larsson J., (1986) Muscle biopsy in primary fibromyalgia: Light-microscopical and histochemical findings Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 15, 1-6

Bennett R.M., (1993) Fibromyalgia and the facts: sense or nonsense Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 19(1), 45-59

Beutler L.E., Engle D.M., Oro-Buetler E., Daldrup R., Meredith K., (1986) Inability to express intense affect: A common link between depression and pain Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54, 6752-6759

Blumer D., Heilbronn M., (1982) Chronic pain as a variant of depressive disease: the pain prone disorder The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 170, 381-406

Boisset-Pioro M.H., Esdaile J.M., Fitzcharles M.A., (1995) Sexual and physical abuse in fibromyalgia syndrome Arthritis and Rheumatism 38(2), 235-241

Brosschot J.F., Aarsse H.R., (2001) Restricted emotional processing and somatic attribution in fibromyalgia International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 31(2), 127-146

Carette S., (1995) Fibromyalgia 20 years later: What have we really accomplished? The Journal of Rheumatology 22,590-592

Carette S., Oakson G., Guimont C., Steriade M., (1993) Sleep electroencephalography and the clinical response to amitriptyline in patients with fibromyalgia Arthritis and Rheumatism 36, S250

Catchlove R.F., Cohen K.R., Braha R., Demers-Desrosiers L., (1985) Incidence and implications of alexithymia in chronic pain patients The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 173(4), 246-248

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Clark S., Campbell S.M., Forehand M.E., Tindall E.A., Bennett R.M., (1985) Clinical characteristics of fibrositis II.  A ‘blinded’, controlled study using standard psychological tests Arthritis and Rheumatism 28, 132-137

Dailey P.A., Bishop G.D., Russell I.J., Fletcher E.M., (1990) Psychological stress and the fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome The Journal of Rheumatology 17(10), 1380-1385

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Fernandez A., Sriram T.G., Rajkumar S., Chandrasekar A.N., (1989) Alexithymic characteristics in rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled study Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 51, 45-50

Foa E.B., Kozak M.J., (1986) Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information Psychological Bulletin 99(1), 20-35

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Goldenberg D.L., (1986) Psychologic studies in fibrositis The American Journal of Medicine 81, 67-70

Grassi L., Molinari S., (1988) Patterns of emotional control and psychological reactions to breast cancer: A preliminary report Psychological Reports 62, 727-732

Hudson J.I., Hudson M.S., Pliner L.F., Goldenberg D.L., Pope H.G. Jr, (1985) Fibromyalgia and major affective disorder: A controlled phenomenology and family history study American Journal of Psychiatry 142, 441-446 

Hudson J.I. Goldenberg D.L., Harrison G.P Jr., Keck P.E. Jr., Schlesinger L., (1992) Comorbidity of fibromyalgia with medical and psychiatric disorders The American Journal of Medicine 92(4), 363-367

Hunt M.G., (1998) The only way out is through: emotional processing and recovery after a depressing life event Behaviour Research and Therapy 36, 361-384

Jacobsen S., Wildschiodtz G., Danneskiold-Samsoe B., (1991) Isokinetic and isometric muscle strength combined with transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation in primary fibromyalgia syndrome Journal of Rheumatology 18, 1390-1393

Jansen M.A., Muenz L.R. (1984) A retrospective study of personality variables associated with fibrocystic disease and breast cancer Journal of Psychosomatic Research 28, 35-42

Jensen M.R., (1987) Psychobiological factors predicting the course of breast cancer Journal of Personality 55, 317-342

Kanner A.D., Coyne J.C., Schaefer C., Lazarus R.S., (1981) Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events Journal of Behavioural Medicine 4, 2-39

Keefe F.J., Lumley M., Anderson T., Lynch T., Carson K.L., (2001) Journal of Clinical Psychology 57(4), 587-607

Kelley J.E., Lumley M.A., (1997) Health effects of emotional disclosure in rheumatoid arthritis patients Health Psychology 16, 331-340

Kennedy-Moore E., Watson J.C., (1999) Expressing Emotion: Myths, realities and therapeutic strategies. New York: Guildford

Kirmayer L.J., Robbins J.M., Kapusta M.A., (1988) Somatization and depression in fibromyalgia syndrome American Journal of Psychiatry 145, 950-954

Kleiger J.H., Jones B.F., (1980) Characteristics of alexithymic patients in a chronic respiratory illness population The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 168, 461-470

Kosturek A., Gregory R.J., Sousou A.J., Trief P., (1998) Alexithymia and somatic amplification in chronic pain Psychosomatics:- Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry 39, 399-404

Kreitler S., Gohar H., Eldar A. Ezer T., Niv D., (1995) Alexithymia in pain patients The Pain Clinic 8, 295-306

Kreitler S., Niv D., (2001) Pain and alexithymia: The nature of a relation The Pain Clinic 13(1), 13-38

Lumley M.A., Asselin L.A., Norman S., (1997) Alexithymia in chronic pain patients Comprehensive Psychiatry 38, 160-165 

Lumley M.A., Smith J.A., Longo D.J., (2002) The relationship of alexithymia to pain severity and impairment among patients with chronic myofascial pain Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53, 823-830

Melzack R., (1975) The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods Pain 1, 277-299

Millard R.W., Kinsler B.L., (1992) Evaluation of constricted affect in chronic pain: an attempt using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale Pain 50, 287-292

Moos R.H., Solomon G.F (1965a) Psychologic comparisons between women with rheumatoid arthritis and their non-arthritic sisters Psychosomatic Medicine 27(2), 135-149

Moos R.H., Solomon G.F. (1965b) Psychologic comparisons between women with rheumatoid arthritis and their non-arthritic sisters: II Psychosomatic Medicine 27(2) 150-164

Morrow J., Nolen-Hoeksema S., (1990) Effects of responses to depression on the remediation of depressive affect Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58, 519-527

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Nolan-Hoeksema S., (1991) Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100, 569-582

Pennebaker J.W., Beale S.K., (1986) Confronting a traumatic event: towards an understanding of inhibition and disease Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95(3), 274-281

Pennebaker J.W., Barger S.D., Tiebout J., (1989) Disclosure of traumas and health among Holocaust survivors Psychosomatic Medicine 51, 577-589

Pennebaker J.W., (1990) Opening up: the healing power of confiding in others.  Morrow

Piergiacomi G., Blasetti P., Berti C., Ercolani M., Cervini C., (1989) Personality pattern in rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgic syndome.  Pschological investigation. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 48, 288-293

Porcelli P., Zaka S., Leoci C., Centonze S., Taylor G.J., (1995) Alexithymia in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 64, 49-53

Rachman S., (2001) Emotional Processing, with special reference to PTSD International Review of Psychiatry 13(3), 164-171

Rohde P., Lewinsohn P.M., Tilson M., Seeley J.R., (1990) Dimensionality of coping and its relation to depression Journal of Personality and social Psychology 58(3), 499-511

Schwartz J., (1990) Multinational trends in cancer mortality rates Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 609, 136-145

Shear M.K., Weiner K., (1997) Psychotherapy for panic disorder Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58, 38-43

Sherman R., Bonanno G.A., Weiner L., Battles H.B., (2000) When children tell their friends they have aids: Possible consequences for psychological well-being and disease progression Psychosomatic Medicine 62, 238-247

Simms R.W., Roy S.H., Hrovat M., Anderson J.J., (1994) Lack of association between fibromyalgia syndrome and abnormalities in muscle energy metabolism Arthritis and Rheumatism 37, 794-800

Smith J.A., Lumley M.A., Longo D.J., (2002) Contrasting emotional approach coping with passive coping for chronic myofascial pain Annals of Behavioural Medicine 24, 326-335

Sriram T.G., Ghaturvedi S.K., Gopinath P.S., Shanmugam V., (1987) Controlled study of alexithymic characteristics in patients with psychogenic pain disorder Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 47, 11-17

Stavraky K.M., Donner A.P., Kincade J.E., Stweart M.A., (1988) The effect of psychosocial factors on lung cancer mortality at one year Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 41, 75-82

Tariot P.N., Yocum D., Kalin N.H., (1986) Psychiatric disorders in fibromyalgia American Journal of Psychiatry 143, 812-813

Taylor M.L., Trotter D.R., Csuka M.E., (1995) The prevalence of sexual abuse in women with fibromyalgia Arthritis and Rheumatism 38, 229-234 

Taylor G.J., Bagby R.M., Parker J.D.A., (1997) Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illnesses Cambridge University Press

Teasdale J.D., Fennell M.J.V., (1982) Immediate effects on depression of cognitive therapy interventions Cognitive Therapy and Research 6(3), 343-352

Udelman H.D., Udelman D.L., (1981) Emotions and rheumatologic disorders American Journal of Psychotherapy 35(4), 576-587

Van der Kolk B.A., (1996) The complexity of adaptation to trauma: Self regulation, stimulus discrimination and characterological developments.  In, B.A. Van der Kolk, A.C. McFarlane & L. Weisaeth (Eds) Traumatic Stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society (p182-213) Guildford Press

Watson M., Greer S., (1983) Development of a questionnaire measure of emotional control Journal of Psychosomatic Research 27, 299-305

Wolfe F., (1997) The fibromyalgia problem The Journal of Rheumatology 24(7), 1247-1249

Wolfe F., Ross K., Anderson J., Russell I.J., Hebert L., (1995) The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population Arthritis and Rheumatism 38, 19-28

Yunus M.B, Masi A.T., Calabro J.J., Miller K.A., Faigenbaum S.L., (1981) Primary fibromyalgia (fibrositis): Clinical study of 50 patients with matched normal controls Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 11, 151-171

Yunus M.B., Kalyan-Raman U.P., Masi A.T., Aldag J.C., (1989) Electron microscopic studies of muscle biopsy in primary fibromyalgia syndrome: a controlled and blinded study The Journal of Rheumatology 16(1), 97-101

Emotional processing and older people

Baltes, P.B. & Baltes, M.M. (1990).  Psychological perspectives on successful aging: the models of selective optimization with compensation.  In P.B. Baltes & M.M. Baltes (eds), Successful aging: Perspectives from the Behavioural Sciences (pp.1-34). New York; Cambridge University Press.

Carstensen, L.L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity.  Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 151-156.

Carstensen, L.L. & Charles, S.T. (1998). Emotion in the second half of life.  Current Directions, 7, 144-149.

Carstensen, L.L., Gross, J.J., & Fung, H. (1998). The social context of emotional experience. In K.W. Schaie & M.P. Lawton (eds), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics: Vol. 17. Focus on emotion and adult development  (pp.325-352). New York: Springer.

Coleman, P.G. (1996). Identity management in later life. In Handbook of the Clinical Psychology of Ageing. R.T, Woods (ed), Wiley, Chichester.

Coleman, P. G. (1999). Identity management in later life.  In Psychological Problems of Ageing, Assessment, Treatment and Care.  R.T. Woods (ed), Wiley, Chichester.

Charles, S. Mather,M. & Carstensen, L.L., (2003). Aging and Emotional Memory: The Forgettable Nature of Negative Images for Older Adults.  Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2003, Vol. 132, No.2, 310-324.

Charles, S., Reynolds, C. A., Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related Differences and Change in Positive and Negative Affect Over 23 Years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001, Vol. 80, No.1, 136-151.

Costa, P.T., McCrae, R.R., (1990). Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality.  Journal of Personality Disorders, 4, 362-371.

Costa, P.T., McCrae, R.R., & Arenberg, D. (1983). Recent longitudinal research on personality and aging.  In K.W. Schaie (Ed.), Longitudinal studies of adult psychological development (pp.222-265). New York: Guilford Press.

Davidson, R.J., Putman, K.M. & Larson, C.L. (2000). Dysfunction in the Neural Circuitry of Emotion Regulation- A Possible Prelude to Violence. Science, Vol 289 July.

DeNeve, K.M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197-229.

Dittmann-Kohli, F. (1990). The construction of meaning in old age: possibilities and constraints. Ageing and Society, 10, 279-294.

Gross, J., Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Tsai, J., Gotestram Skorpen, C., & Hsu, A. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control.  Psychology and Aging, 12, 590-599.

Heckhausen, J. (1997). Development regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related challenges. Developmental Psychology, 33, 176-187.

Knight, M. & Mather, M. (2006). The Affective Neuroscience of Aging and Its Implications for Cognition.  In T.Canli (ed), The Biological Bases of Personality and Individual Differences. Guildford Press, 159-183, 2006.

Lawton, M.P., Kleblan, M.H., Rajagopal, D., & Dean, J. (1992). Dimensions of affective experience in three age groups.  Psychology and Aging, 7, 171-184.

Levenson, R.W., Carstensen, L.L.,Friesen, W.V., & Ekman, P. (1991). Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age.  Psychology and Aging, 6, 28-35.

Liotti, M. & Mayberg, H.S. (2001). The Role of Functional Neuroimaging in the Neuropsychology of Depression. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Vol. 23, No. 01, pp. 121-136.

Mather, M. & Carstensen. L.L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: the positivity effect in attention and memory.  TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.9 No.10 pp 496-502.

Mroczek, D.K., & Kolarz, C.M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect.  A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1333-1349.

Ochsner, K.N. and Gross, J.J. (2004). Thinking makes it so: a social cognitive neuroscience approach to emotional regulation. In Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications (Beaumeister, R.F. and Voh, K.D., eds) pp. 229-255, Guilford Press.

Peck, R.C. (1968). Psychological developments in the second half of life. In B.L. Neugarten (Ed.), Middle age and aging (pp.88-92). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Phillips, L.H, MacLean, R.D.H. & Allen, R. (2002). The Journals of Gerontology: Series B : Psychological sciences and social sciences. Washington: Nov 2002. Vol 57B, Iss. 6; p 526.

Ryff, C.D, (1991). Possible selves in adulthood and old age: a tale of shifting horizons. Psychology and Aging, 6, 286-295.

Tsai, J.L., Levenson, R.W. & Carstensen, L.L. (2000). Autonomic, Subjective and Expressive Responses to Emotional Films in Older and Younger Chinese Americans and European Americans. Psychology and Aging 2000 Vol. 15, No. 4, 684-693.

Top

Time heals … or does it?

Baker, R., Thomas, S., Thomas, P. & Owens, M. (in preparation) Development and initial validation of a new scale to measure emotional processing for Psychological Medicine.

Brosschot, J.F., Aarsse, H.R. (2001) Restricted emotional processing and somatic attribution in fibroymyalgia.  International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine (31,127-146

Buzsaki, G. (1998) Memory consolidation during sleep: a neurophysiological perspectove.  Sleep, 7 (supp 1), 17-23

Craske, M.G., Street, L.L., Jayaraman, J. & Barlow, D.H. (1991) attention versus distraction during in vivo exposure: snake and spider phobias.  Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5, 199-211

Foa, e.B. 7 Kozak, M.J. (1986) Emotional procesing of fear: exposure to corrective information.  Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35

Fredrickson, B.L., Mancuso, R.A., Branigan, C. & Tugade, M.M. (2000) The undoing effects of positive emotion.  Motivation and Emotion.  Rachman, S (1980) Emotional Processing, Behaviour Research & Therapy, 18, 51-60

Maquet, P. (2001) The role of sleep in learning and memory.  Science 294, 1048-1082

Mogg, K., Bradley, B.P. (1998) A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety (1998)  Behaviour Research & Therapy, 36,809-848

Mohlman, J. & Zinberg, R.E. (2000) What kind of attention is necessary for fear reducation?  An empirical test of the emotional processing model.  Behaviour Therapy, 31, 113-133

Richards, J.M. & Goss, J.j. (2000) Emotion regulation and memory: the cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79,3,410-424

Rimé, B., Phillippot, P., Finenauer, C., Ligast, S., Moorkens, P. & Torngvist, J. (1995) Mental rumination and social sharing in emotion: diary investigations of the cognitive and social aftermath of emotional events reported in P. Philippot & B. Rimé (1998) Social and cognitive processing in emotion.  Chapter 8 of W.F. Flock and J.D. laird (Ed) Emotions in Psychotherapy, Oxford University Press, New York

Siegle, G.T. Steinhauer, S.R., Carter, C.S., Ramel, W., Thase, M.E.  Do the seconds turn into hours?  Relationships between sustained pupil dilation in response to emotional information and self reported rumination.  cognitive Therapy & Research.  In press.

Smith, C. (1995) Sleep states and memory processes.  Behaviour Brain Research, 69, 137-145

Stanton, A.L., Danoff-Burg, S., Cameron, C.I., Bishop, M., Collins, C.A., Kirk, S.B., Sworowski, L.A. (2000) Emotinally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68,5,875-882

Telch, M.J., Valentiner, D.P., Ilai, D., Young, P.R., Powers, M.B. & Smiths, J.A.J. (2004) Fear activation and distraction during the emotional processing of claustrophobic fear.  Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 219-232

Wagner, V., Gaise, S., Haider, H., Verleger, R. & Born, J. (2004) Sleep inspires insight.  Nature, 427, 352, 355

Whelton, W.J. (2004) Emotional processes in psychotherapy: evidence across therapeutic modalities.  Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy.  11,58-71

Scientific conundrums

Does the concept of emotional processing commit the fallacy of tautology?
Not another concept of processing!
Theory of the not
General references on scientific conundrums

Rachman, S. (1980). Emotional Processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 18, 51 – 60. 

Scheff, T. (1984) The taboo on coarse emotions.  Review of Personality and social Psychology, 5, 146-169

 

Does the concept of emotional processing commit the fallacy of tautology?

Ayer, A.J. (1971). Language, Truth and Logic. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Gregory, R.L. (Editor). (1987). The Oxford Companion To The Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Korner, S. (1955). Kant. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Kosko, B. (1994) Fuzzy Thinking.  London: Flamingo

McNally, R.J. (2001). On the scientific status of cognitive appraisal models of anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 39,
513 – 521.

Moliere, J.B.P. (1950) The would-be invalid.  New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts (M.Bishop Translator)

Not another concept of processing!

Baker, R., Holloway, J., Thomas, P. W., Thomas, S. & Owens, M. (In Press). Emotional processing and panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy.

Bucci, W. (1997). Symptoms and symbols: A multiple code theory of somatization. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 17(2), 151-172.

Craik, F. & Lockhart, R. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.

Foa, E. B. & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35.

Gendlin, (1966). (possibly check with Roger, whether it’s supposed to be 1996…)  If so: Gendlin, E. T. (1996). The use of focusing in therapy. In J. K. Zeig (Ed.) The evolution of psychotherapy. New York: Brunner / Mazel.

Greenberg & Paivio, (1977). (possibly check with Roger, whether it’s 1997?) If so: Greenberg L. & Paivio, S. (1997). Working with emotions in psychotherapy. New York: The Guilford Press

LeDoux, J. E. (1993). Emotional memory system in the brain. Behavioural Brain Research, 58, 69-79.

LeDoux, J. (1996). The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Simon and Schuster.

LeDoux, J. (1998). The emotional brain. New York, Touchstone.

Pennebaker, J. W. & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(10), 1243-1254.

 

Theory of the not

Foa, E.B., Feske, U., Murdock, T., Kozak, M.J. & McCarthy, P.R. (1991)  Processing of threat-related information in rape victims.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 156-162

Foa, E.B., Riggs, D.S. & Gershuny, B.S. (1995)  Arousal, numbing and intrusion: Symptom structure of post traumatic stress disorder following assault.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 116-120

Foa, E.B. & Rothbaum, B.O. (1997) Treating the trauma of rape.  New York: Guilford Publications Inc.

Horowitz, M.J. (1986) Stress response syndromes, Northvale, NJ: Aronson

Ramsay, R. (1975) Behaviour therapy and bereavement.  In progress, Behaviour Therapy (Ed J. Brengelmann), Springer, Berlin

Welton, W.J. (2004) Emotional processes in psychotherapy; evidence across therapeutic modalities.  Clinical Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, 11, 58-71

Alexithymia

Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., Atkinson, L. (1988). A comparative study of three self-report measures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 32, 107 – 116.

Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.J. (1994-II). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-II. Convergent, Discriminant, and Concurrent Validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 33 – 40.

Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., Ryan, D. (1986). The measurement of alexithymia: Psychometric Properties of the Schalling-Sifneos personality scale. Journal of Comprehensive Psychiatry, 27, 287 – 294.

Baker, R., Holloway, J., Thomas, P. W., Thomas, S. & Owens, M. (2004) Emotional processing and panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy. Vol 42, 11, 1271-1287

Brautigam, W., & von Rad, M. (Eds). (1977). Proceedings of the 11th European Psychosomatic Research Conference: Toward a theory of psychosomatic disorders. Basel, Switzerland: Karger.

Cox, B.J., Kuch, K., Parker, J.D.A., Shulman, I.D., Evans, R.J. (1994). Alexithymia in somatoform disorder patients with chronic pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 523 – 527.

De Groot, J.M., Rodin, G., Olmstead, M.P. (1995). Alexithymia, depression, and treatment outcome in bulimia nervosa, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 53 – 60.

Faryna, A., Rodenhauser, P., Torem, M. (1986). Development of an analog alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 45, 201 – 206.

Good, P., & Brantner, J. A (1974) Practical guide to the MMPI. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

Kleiger, J., & Jones, N. (1979). Characteristics of alexithymic patients in a chronic respiratory illness population. Report no. 67, Psychophysiology Research Laboratories, National Jewish Hospital and Research Center, Denver, 1979.

Kleiger, J.H., Kinsman, R.A. (1980). The development of an MPPI alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 34, 17 – 24.

Lolas, F., De La Parra, G., Arohnson, S., Colin, C. (1980). On the measurement of alexithymic behaviour. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 33, 139 – 146.

Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M. (1991). Problems with measuring alexithymia. Psychosomatics, 32(2), 196 – 202.

Porcelli, P., Zaka, S., Leoci, C., Centonze, S., Taylor, G.J., Parker, J.D.A. (1995). Alexithymia in inflammatory bowel disease. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 64, 49 – 53.

Ruesch, J. (1948). The infantile personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 10, 134 – 144.

Sifneos, P.E. (1972). Short-Term Psychotherapy and Emotional Crisis. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Sifneos, P. E. (1973). The prevalence of “alexithymic” characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22(2-6), 255-266.

Sifneos, P.E. (1986). The Schalling-Sifneos personality scale revised. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 45, 161 – 165.

Sifneos, P.E. (2000). Alexithymia, Clinical Issues, Politics and Crime. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 69, 113-116.

Taylor, G.J. (2000). Recent developments in alexithymia theory and research. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 134 – 142.

Taylor, G.J., Doddy, K., Newman, A. (1981). Alexithymic characteristics in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 470 – 474

Taylor, G.J., & Bagby, R.M. (1988). Measurement of Alexithymia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11(3), 351 – 366.

  1. Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A. (1997).  Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness.  New York: Cambridge University Press.

Taylor, G.J., Taylor, H.L. (1997). Alexithymia. In Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A. (Eds.) Disorders of affect regulation: alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness. (pp.77 – 104). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Todarello, O., Taylor, G.J., Parker, J.D.A., Fanelli, M. (1995). Alexithymia in essential hypertensive and psychiatric outpatients: a comparative study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 39, 987 – 994.

Welsh, G., & Dahlstrom, W. (1963) Basic readings on the MMPI in psychology and medicine. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Zeitlin, S.B., McNally, R.J. (1993). Alexithymia and anxiety sensitivity in panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 658 – 660.

Further reading on emotional processing and alexithymia

  1. Bach, M., & Bach, D. (1995).  Predictive Value of Alexithymia: A Prospective Study in Somatizing Patients.  Psychother Psychosom, 64, 43-48.

Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.J. (1994-I). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23 – 32.

  1. Bankier, B., Aigner, M., and Bach, M. (2001).  Alexithymia in DSM-IV Disorder.  Comparative Evaluation of Somatoform Disorder, Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Depression.  Pscyosomatics, 42:3, 235-240.
  1. Honkalampi, K., Hintikka, J., Saarinen, P., Lehtonen, J., Viinamaeki, H (2000).  Is alexithymia a permanent feature in depressed patients? Results from a 6 month follow-up study.  Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 69(6): 303-308.
  2. Honkalampi, K., Hintikka, J., Tanskanen, A., Lehtonen, J., and Viinamaki, H. (2000).  Depression is strongly associated with alexithymia in the general population.  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48: 99-104.
  3. Honkalampi, K., Saarinen, P., Hintikka, J., Virtanen, V and Viinamaeki, H. (1999).  Factors associated with alexithymia in patients suffering from depression.  Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 68 (5): 270-275
  1. Krystal, H. (1979).  Alexithymia & Psychotherapy.  American Journal of Psychotherapy, 33, 17-31.
  2. Krystal, J.H., Giller, E.L. and Cicchetti, D.V. (1986).  Assessment of Alexithymia In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Somatic Illness: Introduction of a Reliable Measure.  Psychosomatic Medicine., 48, 84-94.
  1. Lundh, L.G. et al. (2002). Alexithymia, memory of emotion, emotional awareness, and perfectionism. Emotion, 2(4), 361-379.
  2. Marchesi, C., Brusamonti, E. and Maggini, C. (2000).  Are alexithymia, depression and anxiety distinct constructs in affective disorders?  Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 49(1): 43-49.

Marty, P., de Uzan, M., David, C. L’Investigation Psychosomatique. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1963.

Montreuil, M., Jouvent, R., Carton, S., Bungener, C., et-al. (1991). Parallel Visual Information Processing Test: An experimental assessment of alexithymia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 56(4), 212-219.

Porcelli, P., Taylor, G.J., Parker, J.D.A., De Carne, M. (1999). Alexithymia and functional gastrointestinal disorders: a comparison with inflammatory bowel disease. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 68, 283 – 269.

  1. Roedema, T.M. and Simons, R.F. (1999).  Emotion-processing deficit in alexithymia.  Psychophysiology, 36(3): 379-387.
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Taylor, G.J., Ryan, D.P., & Bagby, R.M. (1985). Toward the development of a new self-report alexithymia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 44, 191-199.

  1. Wise, T.N., Mann, L.S. and Sheridan, M.J.  (2000).  Relationship between alexithymia, dissociation and personality in psychiatric outpatients.  Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 69(3): 123-127.

Emotional awareness

Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes Error: emotion, reason and the human brain. New York, Putman.

Damsio, A. R. (2002)

Lane, R. D. & Schwartz, G. E. (1987). Levels of emotional awareness: A cognitive-developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 133-143.

Lane R. D., Quinlan, D. M., Schwartz, D. E. & Walker, P. A. (1990). The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale: A cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(1-2), 124-134.

Lane, R., Reiman, E., Axelrod, B., Yun, L. S., Holmes, A. H. & Scwartz, G. (1998). Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness: Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulated cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 225-235.

Lane, R. (2000). Neural correlates of conscious emotional experience. In Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion (pp. 345-370). Edited by Lane, R., Nadel, L., Ahern, G., Allen, J., Kasznaik, A., Rapcsak, S. & Scwartz, G. New York: Oxford University Press.

Latner, J. (1992)  The theory of Gestalt therapy in ? E.C. Ed ‘Gestalt therapy perspectives and applications.  Gestalt Institute of Cleveland (GIC) Press http://www.aagt.org/html/chapter.htm

Perls, F.S., Hefferline, R., Goodman, P., (1951)  Gestalt Therapy:  Excitement and growth in the human personality.  New York.  The Julian Press

Perls F.S. (1969)  Hunger and Aggression: a revision of psychoanalysis.  New York.  Random House

 

Emotional expression

Baker, R., Hall, J. N., Hutchinson, K. and Bridge, G. W. K. (1977). Symptom changes in chronic schizophrenic patients on a token economy: a controlled experiment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 381-393.

Baker, R., Thomas, S., Thomas, P. and Owens, M. (In press). Development of a new emotional processing scale. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on the (non) expression of emotions in health and disease, October, Tilberg University, The Netherlands.

Bucci, W. (2001). Pathways of Emotional Communication. Psychoanalytic Enquiry, 21, 40.

Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith N. C., Erikson, E. A. and Gross, J. J. (2003). The Social Consequences of Expressive Suppression. Emotions, 3(1), 48-67.

Darwin, C. (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 3, 66-82.

Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional Development in Young Children. The Guildford Series on Social and Emotional Development, 2, 19-57.

Frijda, N. H. (1986). The Emotions. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.

Frijda, N. H. (1987). Emotion, cognitive structure and action tendency. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 115-144.

Greenberg, L. S. and Safran, J. D. (1987). Emotion in Psychotherapy. New York Guilford Press.

Greenberg, M. A. and Stone, A. A. (1992). Emotional disclosure about traumas and its relation to health: Effects of previous disclosure and trauma severity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 75-84. 

Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237. 

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, Special Issue: New directions in research on emotion, 2(3), 271-299. 

Gross, J.J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291.

Gross, J. J. and John, O. E. (1998). Mapping the Domain of Expressivity: Multimethod Evidence for a Hierarchical Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 170-191.

Hogarty, G. E., Anderson, C. M. and Reiss, D. J. (1987). Family psycho-education, social skills training, and medication in schizophrenia: the long and the short of it. Psychopharmocology Bulletin, 23, 12-13.

Hyson, M. C. (1994). The emotional Development of Young Children: Building an Emotion-Centred Curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press.

Jenkins, J. H. and Karno, M. (1992) The Meaning of ‘Expressed Emotion’: Theoretical Issues Raised by Cross-Cultural Research. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 9-21.

Jenkins, J. M., Oatley, K. and Stein, N. L. (1998). Human Emotions: A Reader. Blackwell Publishers Inc., 30, 387-394.

Johnson, S. M. and Greenberg, L. S. (1994) (Eds). The heart of the matter: Perspectives on emotion in marital therapy. New York: Brunner Mazel.

Jose, P. C. (1990). Exploring Expressed Emotion: Does it Contribute to Chronic Mental Illness? Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 28(2), 31-37.

Kavanagh, D. J. (1992). Recent Developments in Expressed Emotion and Schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 601-603.

Kennedy-Moore, E. and Watson, J. C. (1999). Expressing Emotion. Myths, Realities, and Therapeutic Strategies. The Guildford Press, 1-2 & 12-13, 3-32 & 273-304.                   

Kirsch, D. L. (1999). Website:  ‘http://www-white.media.mit.edu/tech-reports/TR-496/node10.html’ accessed: 2nd March 2004.

Laird, J. D. (1974). Self-attribution of emotion: The effects of expressive behaviour on the quality of emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 207. 

McGhie, A. (1969). Pathology of Attention. Penguin Education. Aylesbury.

Oatley, K. (1992). Integrative action of narrative. In D. J. Stein & J. E. Young (Eds.) Cognitive science and clinical disorders. San Diego CA: Academic Press, 151-170.

Pennebaker, J. W. (1995). Opening Up. The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions. The Guildford Press. 2, 12-25. 

Pennebaker, J.W. (2003). The social, linguistic, and health consequences of emotional disclosure. Blackwell series in health psychology and behavioural medicine, Social psychological foundations of health and illness, Suls, J. and Wallston, K. A. (Eds.), 288-313.  

Pennebaker, J.W., and Beall, S.K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274-281.

Pennebaker, J. W., Colder, M. and Sharpe, L. K. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537. 

 Petrie, K.J., Fontanilla, I., Thomas, M. G., Booth, R. J. and Pennebaker, J. W. (2004).  Effect of Written Emotional Expression on Immune Function in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Randomized Trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(2), 272-275.

Safran, J. D. and Greenberg, L. S. (1991). Emotion, psychotherapy, and change. New York Guilford Press.

Shalev, A., Bonne, 0. and Eth, S. (1996). Treatment of the post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 165-182.

Sheffield, D., Duncan, E., Thomson, K. and Johal S.S. (2002). Written Emotional Expression and Well-Being. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies.  Website:   ‘http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2002-1/sheffield.htm’ accessed: 25th February, 2004.

Sigman, M. and Capps, L. (1997). Children with Autism: A Develomental Perspective. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Tavris, C. (1989). Anger: The misunderstood emotion. (revised edition) New York: Simon and Schuster. 

Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness (Vol. 1: The positive affects). New York: Springer. 

Watson, J. C. and Greenberg, L. S. (1995). Alliance ruptures and repairs in experiential therapy. In session: Psychotherapy in Practice, 1, 19-31. 

White, T. (1999). “Be Your Own Therapist”. Website: ‘http://www,psychologyhelp.com/emot91.htm’ accessed: 17th February 2004. 

Emotional focusing

Gendlin, E.T. (1981) Focusing.  Second edition, revised New York, Bantam Books

Gendlin, E.T. (1978) Focusing (original version) Everest House

Gendlin, E.T. (1971) A theory of personality change.  In A Mahrer (Ed) Creative development in psychotherapy.  Cleveland: Case – Western Reserve

Gendlin, E.T. (1996) Focusing-orinented psychotherapy: a manual of the experiential method.  New York: Guilford Press.

Emotional intelligence

Baker, R., Thomas, S., Thomas, P. W. & Owens, M. (submitted). Development and Initial Validation of an Emotional Processing Scale, submitted to Behavioural Research and Therapy.

Bucci, W. (1997). Symptoms and Symbols: A multiple code of theory of somatization. Psychoanalytic Theory, 17(2), 151-172.

Cherniss, C. (2000).  Emotional Intelligence: What it is and Why it Matters. The Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations.  Website: ‘http://www.eirconsortium.org/research/whatisemotionalintelligence.htm’ accessed: 16th January 2004.

Epstein, S. (1998). Emotions and psychopathology from the perspective of cognitive-experiential self therapy. In W. F. Flack & J. D. Lair (Eds) Emotions in psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind. New York: Basic books.

Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: What it is and why it can matter more than IQ.

Hein, S. (2003). History and Definition of Emotional Intelligence. Steve Hein’s Emotional Intelligence Home Page.  Website: ‘http://www.eqi.org/history.htm’ accessed: 20th January 2004.

Mayer, J.D. & Cobb, C.D (2000). Educational Policy on Emotional Intelligence: Does It Make Sense? Educational Psychology Review, 12(2), 163-183.

Mayer, J.D. & Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17, 433-442.

Ruisel, I. (1992). Social intelligence: Conception and methodological problems. Studia Psychologica, 34(4-5), 281-296.

Salovey, P. & Mayer, J.D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9(1990), 185-211.

Salovey, P. & Pizarro, D.A. (2003). The value of emotional intelligence.

Teasdale, J. D. (1999). Emotional Processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse of depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, S37-S77.

Thorndike, E.L. (1920). Intelligence and its uses. Harper’s Magazine, 140, 227-235.

Vitello-Cicciu, J. M. (2002). Exploring emotional intelligence: Implications for nursing leaders. Journal of Nursing Administration, 32(4), 203-210.

Young, C. A. (1996). Emotions and Emotional Intelligence. Website: ‘http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/gallery/young/emotion.htm’ accessed: 16th December 2003.

Emotional processing and childbirth

American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Beck, CT. (2004). Birth trauma: In the eye of the beholder. Nursing Research, 53 (1), 28 – 35.

Beck, CT., Gable, RK. (2000). Postpartum depression screening scale: Development and psychometric testing. Nursing Research, 49 (5), 272 – 282.

Beck, CT., Gable, RK. (2001). Further validation of the postpartum depression screening scale. Nursing Research, 50 (3), 155 – 164.

Brockington. I. Postpartum psychiatric disorders. The Lancet, 363(9405), 303 – 310.

Cox, J., Holden, JM, Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression. Development  of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of  Psychiatry, 150, 782 – 786.

Cox, J., Murray, D., Chapman, G. (1993). A controlled study of the onset, duration and prevalence of postnatal  depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 27 – 31.

Frijda, NH. (2001). The self and emotions. In HA. Bosma & ES. Kunnen (eds). Identity and emotion (pp.39 – 57). Paris: Cambridge University Press.

Goldsmith, HH. (1993). Temperament: Variability in developing emotion systems. In M.Lewis & JM. Haviland (eds). Handbook of Emotions (pp 353 – 364). New York: The Guildford Press.

Oatley, K. (1993). Social construction in emotions. In M.Lewis & JM. Haviland (eds). Handbook of Emotions (pp 341 – 352). New York: The Guildford Press.

Puri, BK. (2000). Psychiatry. London: WB Saunders.

Rachman, S. (1980). Emotional processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 51 – 60.

Rachman, S. (2001). Emotional processing, with special reference to post-traumatic stress disorder. International Review of Psychiatry, 13, 164 – 171.

Safe Motherhood. http://www.safemotherhood.org/facts_and_figures/maternal_mortality.htm

Solomon, RC. (1993). The philosophy of emotion. In M.Lewis & JM. Haviland (eds). Handbook of Emotions (pp 3 – 15). New York: The Guildford Press.

White, G. (2005). Postnatal moods: Emotional changes following childbirth. Auckland: Random House.

 

General books on emotions

Bosma, H.A., Kunnen, E.S. (2001) Identity and emotion.  Cambridge University Press

Bucci, W. Psychoanalysis and cognitive science: a mutliple code theory.  Guildford Press

Damasio, A.R. (1994) Descartes error; emotion, reason and the human brain.  New York, Putman

Damasio, A.R. (1999) The feeling of what happens; body and emotion in the making of consciousness.  San Diego, Harcourt

Denham, S. (1998) Emotional development in young children.  Guildford Press

Evans, D. (2001) Emotion, the science of sentiment.  Oxford University Press

Flack, W., Laird, J.D. (1988) Emotional in psychopathology.  Oxford University Press

Goleman, D. (1996) Emotional intelligence.  Bloomsbury

Kennedy-Moore E. & Watson, J.C. (1999) Expressing emotion.  New York, Guildford Press

Lazarus, R.S. (1999) Stress and emotion: a new synthesis.  Free Association Books

Ledoux, J. (1999) The emotional brain: the mysterious underpinning of emotional life.  Phoenix

Lutz, T. (1999) Crying: the natural and cultural history of tears.  W W Norton

Mayne, T. & Bonanno, G. (2001) Emotions: current issues and future directions.  Guildford Press

Oatley, K. (1992) Best laid schemes: the psychology of emotions.  Cambridge University Press

Pennebaker, J.W. (1997) Opening Up: the healing power of expressing emotion.  Guildford Press

Reddy, W. (2001) the navigation of feeling: a framework for the history of emotions.  Cambridge University Press

Scherer, K., Schorr, A., Johnstone, T. et al (2001) Appraisal processes in emotion.  Oxford University Press

Taylor, G., Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A. (1997) Disorders of affect regulation: alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness.  Cambridge University Press

Vingerhoets, A.J. & Cornelius R.R.  Adult crying: a biopsychosocial approach.  Brunner Routledge